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Related Concept Videos

Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder01:15

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the absence of muscle paralysis that normally occurs during the REM phase of sleep. This absence allows individuals to physically act out their dreams, which are often vivid and disturbing. Common behaviors exhibited during episodes include kicking, punching, and yelling. These actions can be dangerous, potentially leading to injuries for the person with RBD or their bed partner.
RBD is significantly associated with...
Understanding Sleep01:11

Understanding Sleep

Sleep, an essential biological state, involves significant reductions in physical activity, sensory awareness, and interaction with the environment. This complex physiological process is primarily regulated by specific brain regions, notably the hypothalamus and pons, which govern the sleep-wake cycle or circadian rhythm.
The circadian rhythm, a nearly 24-hour cycle, is deeply influenced by environmental light cues. Light exposure directly affects the hypothalamus, which in turn regulates...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Simultaneous Electroencephalography, Real-time Measurement of Lactate Concentration and Optogenetic Manipulation of Neuronal Activity in the Rodent Cerebral Cortex
10:45

Simultaneous Electroencephalography, Real-time Measurement of Lactate Concentration and Optogenetic Manipulation of Neuronal Activity in the Rodent Cerebral Cortex

Published on: December 19, 2012

Lactate as a biomarker for sleep.

Erik Naylor1, Daniel V Aillon, Brian S Barrett

  • 1Pinnacle Technology, Inc., Lawrence, KS 66046, USA. e-naylor@pinnaclet.com

Sleep
|September 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Extracellular lactate levels reliably indicate sleep and wake states in mice. This molecular biomarker shows rapid changes with sleep onset and waking, independent of electroencephalography (EEG) signals.

Keywords:
Biosensorcontinuous in vivo monitoringelectroencephalographyelectromyographyglucoseglutamatelactatemousesleep

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Mapping Metabolism: Monitoring Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity Directly in Tissue
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Mapping Metabolism: Monitoring Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity Directly in Tissue

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Simultaneous Electroencephalography, Real-time Measurement of Lactate Concentration and Optogenetic Manipulation of Neuronal Activity in the Rodent Cerebral Cortex
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Mapping Metabolism: Monitoring Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity Directly in Tissue
06:18

Mapping Metabolism: Monitoring Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity Directly in Tissue

Published on: June 21, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomarker Discovery
  • Sleep Research

Background:

  • Identifying reliable sleep biomarkers is crucial for understanding sleep regulation.
  • Current molecular markers lack the rapid responsiveness required for accurate sleep-wake tracking.
  • This study investigated lactate, glucose, and glutamate as potential sleep biomarkers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate lactate, glucose, and glutamate as potential biomarkers for sleep and wake states.
  • To determine if these substances exhibit rapid changes correlating with sleep onset and waking.
  • To assess their suitability for independent use alongside electroencephalography (EEG).

Main Methods:

  • Extracellular concentrations of lactate, glucose, and glutamate were measured in mice using amperometric biosensors.
  • Measurements were taken over multiple sleep/wake cycles, including during sleep deprivation.
  • Sleep and wake transitions were identified using electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG).

Main Results:

  • Cortical lactate concentration increased rapidly upon waking and during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
  • Lactate levels remained elevated during prolonged waking and decreased during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.
  • Glutamate showed similar but slower changes; glucose did not correlate with sleep/wake states.

Conclusions:

  • Extracellular lactate concentration serves as a reliable biomarker for sleep and wake states.
  • Lactate levels can be used independently of EEG signals for sleep monitoring.
  • This finding offers a novel approach for objective sleep assessment.