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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
Published on: September 20, 2018
Chromatin regulators in mammalian epidermis
Michaela Frye1, Salvador Aznar Benitah
1Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom. Michaela.frye@cancer.org.uk
Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|September 5, 2012
Summary
Epigenetic regulators and transcription factors control cell fate and identity. The mammalian epidermis provides a model to study how chromatin modifications orchestrate development and tissue repair.
Area of Science:
- Developmental biology
- Cellular biology
- Epigenetics
Background:
- Cell fate determination and maintenance are crucial in biological sciences.
- Epigenetic mechanisms, including chromatin modifications, interact with regulators and transcription factors.
- These interactions define lineage specification and allow for tissue flexibility.
Purpose of the Study:
- To explore the roles of chromatin and epigenetic complexes in the mammalian epidermis.
- To highlight the epidermis as a model system for studying epigenetic functions.
- To discuss how these mechanisms orchestrate organogenesis and tissue homeostasis.
Main Methods:
- Review and synthesis of current literature on chromatin and epigenetic complexes in the epidermis.
- Analysis of the interplay between epigenetic regulators, transcription factors, and chromatin modifications.
- Focus on the epidermis as a model for developmental and homeostatic processes.
Main Results:
- Emerging evidence points to significant roles for chromatin and epigenetic complexes in epidermal development.
- These mechanisms are critical for establishing and maintaining epidermal cell identity.
- Lineage flexibility, essential for tissue repair and homeostasis, is also regulated by these factors.
Conclusions:
- The mammalian epidermis is a valuable model for understanding epigenetic control of development and homeostasis.
- Chromatin modifications and epigenetic regulators are key players in epidermal organogenesis and adult tissue maintenance.
- Further research into these mechanisms can reveal insights into tissue repair and disease.
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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
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