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Related Concept Videos

Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
The average...
Characteristics of Fluids01:20

Characteristics of Fluids

When a force is applied parallel to the top surface of a solid, it resists the applied force due to the internal frictional forces between the layers of the solid known as shearing resistance. However, when the force is removed, the shearing forces restore the original shape of the solid. Other deformation forces also cause temporary changes in shape if the forces are not beyond a threshold magnitude. Solids tend to retain their shape, making the study of their rest and motion easier. Beyond...
Characteristics of Fluids01:31

Characteristics of Fluids

Fluids differ from solids primarily in their molecular structure and stress response. Solids have tightly packed molecules with strong intermolecular forces, maintaining their shape and resisting deformation. In contrast, fluids have molecules spaced farther apart with weaker forces, allowing them to flow and deform easily.
Fluids, which include both liquids and gases, are substances that deform continuously under shearing stress. For example, water and oil are liquids with molecules that can...
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant heat.
Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

Mechanism of heat transfer

Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Multifunctional Hybrid Fe2O3-Au Nanoparticles for Efficient Plasmonic Heating
08:04

Multifunctional Hybrid Fe2O3-Au Nanoparticles for Efficient Plasmonic Heating

Published on: February 20, 2016

Radiative properties of dense nanofluids.

Wei Wei1, Andrei G Fedorov, Zhongyang Luo

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China.

Applied Optics
|September 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This study investigates radiative properties of dense nanofluids. A new method accurately predicts spectral radiative properties, aligning well with experimental data for improved thermal management applications.

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Nanofluids
  • Radiative Heat Transfer
  • Optical Properties

Background:

  • Nanofluids require consideration of nanoparticle scattering and absorption, alongside fluid absorption.
  • Accurate prediction of radiative properties is crucial for thermal applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and compare models for predicting radiative properties of dense nanofluids.
  • To develop a new, accurate method for calculating spectral radiative properties of nanofluids.

Main Methods:

  • Comparison of five existing models for radiative properties.
  • Calculation of spectral absorption and scattering coefficients.
  • Computation of apparent transmittance including interface reflections.

Main Results:

  • Evaluation of the applicability of different radiative property models.
  • Quantitative comparison of model predictions with experimental literature data.
  • Demonstration of a new method's good agreement with experimental results.

Conclusions:

  • Existing models have limitations in predicting nanofluid radiative properties.
  • The proposed new method offers improved accuracy for dense nanofluids.
  • Accurate radiative property prediction is essential for optimizing nanofluid-based systems.