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Tanner stage 4 breast development in adults: forensic implications.

Arlan L Rosenbloom1, Henry J Rohrs, Michael J Haller

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1701 SW 16th Ave, PO Box 100296, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA. rosenal@peds.ufl.edu

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Summary

Forensic experts frequently misinterpret Tanner stage 4 breast development in adult women, leading to invalid age assessments in child pornography cases. This study highlights the unreliability of using Tanner stage 4 as evidence of being under 18.

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic science
  • Human development
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Forensic testimony in child pornography cases often relies on Tanner stage 4 (TS 4) breast development to assert an individual is under 18.
  • This assertion is based on the belief that TS 4 is a precursor to TS 5 and indicative of pre-adult status.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the frequency with which TS 4 breast development is identified in images of adult women by forensic experts.
  • To determine the reliability of distinguishing between TS 4 and TS 5 breast development in nonclinical images.

Main Methods:

  • Researchers analyzed 547 published images of adult women.
  • Independent examiners classified breast development as either TS 4 or TS 5.

Main Results:

  • A significant portion of images (26.5%) were classified as TS 4 by at least one examiner.
  • There was considerable disagreement among examiners, with many images being designated TS 4 by only one or two individuals.

Conclusions:

  • Adult women frequently exhibit persistent TS 4 breast development.
  • The difficulty in distinguishing TS 4 from TS 5, particularly in nonclinical images, invalidates testimony based on this distinction.
  • TS 4 and TS 5 should be considered indicative of full maturation, and testimony based on this distinction should be disallowed.