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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

Overview
Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...
Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...

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Updated: May 19, 2026

Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis
08:25

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Published on: September 26, 2022

Chemical sensitization and allergotoxicology.

Rosette L Van Den Heuvel1, Nathalie Lambrechts, Sandra Verstraelen

  • 1Environmental Risk and Health Unit-Toxicology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO N.V.), Centre for Advanced R&D on Alternative Methods (CARDAM), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium, rosette.vandenheuvel@vito.be.

Experientia Supplementum (2012)
|September 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Identifying chemical sensitizers is crucial for environmental and occupational health. This chapter reviews current in vitro methods for detecting skin and respiratory sensitization potential, as validated non-animal alternatives are still needed.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Occupational Health
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Chemical sensitization poses significant environmental and occupational health risks.
  • Numerous substances can induce skin or respiratory sensitization.
  • Validated non-animal methods for identifying sensitizing agents are currently unavailable.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a state-of-the-art review of in vitro approaches for chemical sensitization hazard identification.
  • To cover methods for assessing both skin and respiratory sensitization capacity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing in vitro methodologies for chemical sensitization assessment.
  • Focus on approaches for identifying contact and respiratory sensitizers.

Main Results:

  • A comprehensive overview of current in vitro techniques is presented.
  • The limitations and status of non-animal methods are highlighted.

Conclusions:

  • There is an ongoing need for validated non-animal methods to identify chemical sensitizers.
  • In vitro approaches are being explored to address this critical gap in hazard identification.