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T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...

Humoral Immune Responses

Humoral Immune Responses

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4⁺ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse

Published on: October 25, 2024

Human Th17 subsets.

Federica Sallusto¹, Christina E Zielinski, Antonio Lanzavecchia

¹Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Cellular Immunology, Bellinzona, Switzerland. federica.sallusto@irb.usi.ch

European Journal of Immunology

|September 6, 2012

Summary

This review explores the diverse nature of human T helper 17 (Th17) cells. It covers their development, movement, and crucial roles in fighting fungal and bacterial infections.

Area of Science:

Immunology
Cell Biology

Background:

T helper 17 (Th17) cells are a distinct lineage of immune cells.
Research has identified factors influencing Th17 cell differentiation and function.
Th17 cells exhibit significant lineage flexibility.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent findings on human Th17 cell heterogeneity.
To discuss Th17 cell differentiation requirements and migratory capacities.
To examine the role of Th17 cells in host defense against specific pathogens.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent studies on human Th17 cells.
Synthesis of data on Th17 cell differentiation, migration, and function.
Analysis of Th17 cell involvement in immunity against fungi and extracellular bacteria.

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Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Published on: September 26, 2013

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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse

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Published on: October 25, 2024

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Mouse Naïve CD4⁺ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Published on: September 26, 2013

Main Results:

Human Th17 cells display considerable heterogeneity.
Specific factors and conditions influence Th17 cell differentiation pathways.
Th17 cells possess distinct migratory properties relevant to immune surveillance.
Th17 cells play a vital role in combating fungal and extracellular bacterial infections.

Conclusions:

Understanding Th17 cell heterogeneity is key to their functional roles.
Th17 cell plasticity influences their contribution to immunity and disease.
Further research into Th17 cells can inform therapeutic strategies for infectious diseases.