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Teeth

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...

Tooth Anatomy

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.

Role Of Notch Signalling In Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal

Role Of Notch Signalling In Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal

Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
Direct cell-to-cell contact is needed for the activation of Notch signaling. The signal is initiated when a notch ligand binds to a receptor on an adjacent cell, also...

Bone Remodeling

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

Determination

Determination

During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In contrast, determination...

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Using Ex Vivo Live Imaging to Investigate Cell Divisions and Movements During Mouse Dental Renewal

Using Ex Vivo Live Imaging to Investigate Cell Divisions and Movements During Mouse Dental Renewal

Published on: October 27, 2023

Tooth shape formation and tooth renewal: evolving with the same signals.

Jukka Jernvall¹, Irma Thesleff

¹Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, FIN 00014, Finland. jernvall@fastmail.fm

Development (Cambridge, England)

|September 6, 2012

Summary

Teeth evolution reveals complex development and limited renewal in mammals, compensated by continuously growing teeth that reuse ancient regulatory pathways. This study explores these fascinating dental adaptations across vertebrates.

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Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Evolutionary Biology
Comparative Anatomy

Background:

Teeth are a model system for studying epithelial organ development and evolution across vertebrates.
Vertebrate teeth exhibit diversity in complexity and renewal patterns, with mammals showing unique characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

To review developmental mechanisms behind evolutionary changes in tooth complexity and renewal.
To focus on recent findings in fish, reptiles, and mammals regarding dental development and evolution.

Main Methods:

Review of recent scientific literature on tooth development and evolution.
Comparative analysis of developmental pathways in fish, reptiles, and mammals.

Main Results:

Mammals possess the most complex teeth but have a restricted capacity for tooth renewal compared to other vertebrates.
Some mammalian taxa have evolved continuously growing teeth as a compensation for limited tooth replacement.

Conclusions:

The development of continuously growing teeth in mammals appears to utilize regulatory pathways conserved from tooth replacement mechanisms.
Understanding these pathways provides insights into the evolution of dental complexity and adaptation.