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Related Concept Videos

Sleep Apnea01:21

Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...
Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway01:28

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure to...
Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
Antihypertensive Drugs: Vasodilators01:23

Antihypertensive Drugs: Vasodilators

Vasodilators, primarily affecting the smooth muscles within arterial and venous walls, are commonly used for hypertension treatment. Medications such as minoxidil and hydralazine primarily target arteries and arterioles, while sodium nitroprusside acts on arterioles and venules. Minoxidil, functioning as a prodrug, is metabolized by hepatic sulfotransferase into its active form, minoxidil sulfate, after oral administration. This metabolite binds to the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) component of...
Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
Antianginal Drugs: Nitrates and β-Blockers01:16

Antianginal Drugs: Nitrates and β-Blockers

In cardiovascular health, antianginal drugs combat angina pectoris — a condition marked by chest pain owing to diminished blood flow to the heart.
Organic nitrates,  such as nitroglycerin, play a pivotal role. Once metabolized, they liberate nitric oxide, a molecular marvel. Nitric oxide triggers guanylyl cyclase and augments cGMP production. This biochemical cascade orchestrates the relaxation of vascular smooth muscles, ushering in vasodilation and enhancing coronary blood flow. Administered...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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Nitric oxide and obstructive sleep apnea.

J Woodrow Weiss1, Yuzhen Liu, Xianghong Li

  • 1Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, United States. jweiss@bidmc.harvard.edu

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology
|September 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is linked to hypertension. Reduced nitric oxide synthase expression in neural and endothelial tissues may cause sustained sympathoexcitation and vascular changes, leading to elevated blood pressure in OSA patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Sleep Medicine
  • Neuroendocrinology

Background:

  • Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects 16% of the working population.
  • OSA is linked to daytime sleepiness and hypertension.
  • Mechanisms underlying OSA-related hypertension are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence linking OSA to daytime hypertension.
  • To explore the role of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in OSA-induced hypertension.
  • To elucidate the physiological pathways contributing to elevated blood pressure in OSA.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical, epidemiological, and physiological studies on OSA and hypertension.
  • Analysis of data on sympathoexcitation and peripheral vascular reactivity in OSA.
  • Examination of nitric oxide synthase expression in neural and endothelial tissues.

Main Results:

  • Hypertension in OSA is evident during wakefulness, independent of hypoxia.
  • Sustained sympathoexcitation and altered vascular reactivity contribute to elevated arterial pressure.
  • Reduced expression of nitric oxide synthase in neural and endothelial tissues is implicated.

Conclusions:

  • Reduced nitric oxide generation in central and peripheral regulatory sites may explain waking hypertension in OSA.
  • Altered nitric oxide synthase expression is a key factor in OSA-related cardiovascular dysfunction.
  • Targeting nitric oxide pathways may offer therapeutic strategies for OSA-induced hypertension.