VEGF-directed blood vessel patterning: from cells to organism

VEGF-A signaling is required for almost every aspect of vascular development, and it is a major regulator of vessel morphogenesis and patterning. VEGF-A perturbations are associated with severe vascular defects and lethality, and the pathway is coopted in pathological scenarios, including tumor angiogenesis. This review focuses on the roles of VEGF-A signaling during vessel development and patterning. I review the impact of VEGF-A signaling on endothelial cells in developing vessels, with emphasis on the importance of spatial regulation of several pathway components. I also discuss VEGF-A signaling patterns at the level of the vessel, with a focus on how polarity is set up and maintained in several vessel axes. The role of VEGF-A in patterning vessels relative to tissues and organs is also reviewed, with emphasis on neurovascular patterning and patterning at the embryonic midline.