Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 18, 2026

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning
Published on: August 29, 2025
Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the career decision-making difficulties questionnaire
Shahrum Vahedi1, Farahman Farrokhi, Ali Mahdavi
1Department of Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
Objective:
The present study aimed at validating the structure of Career Decision-making Difficulties Questionnaire (CDDQ).
Methods:
Five hundred and eleven undergraduate students took part in this research; from these participants, 63 males and 200 females took part in the first study, and 63 males and 185 females completed the survey for the second study.
Results:
The results of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) indicated strong support for the three-factor structure, consisting of lack of information about the self, inconsistent information, lack of information and lack of readiness factors. A confirmatory factor analysis was run with the second sample using structural equation modeling. As expected, the three-factor solution provided a better fit to the data than the alternative models.
Conclusion:
CDDQ was recommended to be used for college students in this study due to the fact that this instrument measures all three aspects of the model. Future research is needed to learn whether this model would fit other different samples.
Related Concept Videos
Factorial Design
Self-Discrepancy Theory
Cattell's 16 Personality Factors
In contrast, source traits are the fundamental,...
Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory
Self-Report Tests of Personality
Five-Factor Theory of Personality
Openness reflects creativity, curiosity, and openness to new experiences. Individuals scoring high in openness are imaginative, have a wide range of interests, and are independent thinkers. Low...
