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Related Concept Videos

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations01:30

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations

Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).
Mismatch Repair01:20

Mismatch Repair

Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...
In vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
Mutations in Microorganisms01:18

Mutations in Microorganisms

Mutations are heritable changes in an organism’s genome involving alterations in the base sequence of DNA or RNA. These changes can influence cellular processes and phenotypic traits, potentially transforming the unaltered wild type into a mutant form. Such changes, termed forward mutations, are pivotal in shaping the genetic diversity of organisms.RNA viruses exhibit the highest mutation rates due to the absence of robust proofreading mechanisms during genome replication. In contrast,...
Mutations01:35

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...

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Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli
09:01

Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli

Published on: March 16, 2011

Indirect selection of implicit mutation protocols.

David G King1

  • 1Department of Anatomy, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois, USA. dgking@siu.edu

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|September 8, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mutability can evolve to aid adaptation, challenging the idea that natural selection always minimizes mutation rates. Genomic patterns can indirectly promote beneficial mutations, enhancing evolvability.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular evolution

Background:

  • Many biologists doubt that mutation rates evolve to facilitate adaptation.
  • This skepticism stems from the assumption that natural selection minimizes mutation rates, as most mutations are considered harmful.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To challenge the prevailing view that natural selection must minimize mutation rates.
  • To explore how certain genomic patterns might facilitate adaptive evolution by influencing mutation rates.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of genomic patterns like simple sequence repeats and transposable elements.
  • Investigating the role of indirect selection on mutability within functional genetic loci.

Main Results:

  • Highly mutagenic genomic patterns are prevalent in functional genetic regions.
  • Alleles within these patterns can possess an inherent mutational propensity.
  • Natural selection can indirectly favor mutability at specific sites.

Conclusions:

  • Indirect selection can shape mutation protocols that promote evolvability.
  • Genomic patterns can be exploited to favor beneficial mutations while minimizing deleterious effects.
  • Rethinking the relationship between mutation rates, selection, and adaptation is necessary.