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Related Concept Videos

Aging01:26

Aging

Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
Cellular Clock Theory
The cellular clock theory posits that the human lifespan is closely tied to the finite capacity of cells to divide, a phenomenon governed by telomeres, which are protective caps at the ends of...
The Effect of Aging on Tissues01:19

The Effect of Aging on Tissues

Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Exergaming in Older People Living with HIV Improves Balance, Mobility and Ameliorates Some Aspects of Frailty
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Exergaming in Older People Living with HIV Improves Balance, Mobility and Ameliorates Some Aspects of Frailty

Published on: October 6, 2016

Aging, inflammation, and HIV infection.

Judith A Aberg1

  • 1New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.

Topics in Antiviral Medicine
|September 8, 2012
PubMed
Summary

HIV infection accelerates aging, increasing comorbidities due to chronic inflammation and immune activation. Key markers like IL-6 are elevated, raising risks for cardiovascular disease and mortality.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Prolonged survival in HIV infection leads to more non-HIV-related comorbidities.
  • HIV-infected individuals experience age-related comorbidities earlier than uninfected individuals, a phenomenon termed 'accelerated aging'.
  • Chronic inflammation, immune activation, and immunosenescence are primary drivers of accelerated aging in HIV.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the understanding of accelerated aging in HIV infection.
  • To highlight the role of chronic inflammation and immune activation in HIV-related comorbidities.
  • To discuss the immunological markers associated with accelerated aging and mortality risk.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and clinical observations regarding HIV and aging.

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  • Analysis of elevated inflammatory and coagulopathy markers in HIV-infected patients.
  • Characterization of immunosenescence markers in HIV infection, including T cell populations and telomere length.

    • Main Results:

    • Elevated levels of inflammation markers (e.g., high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, IL-6) and coagulopathy markers (e.g., D-dimer) are observed in HIV-infected patients.
    • These elevated markers are linked to increased risks of cardiovascular disease, opportunistic conditions, and all-cause mortality.
    • Immunosenescence in HIV is characterized by specific CD8+ T cell phenotypes (CD28-, CD57+), reduced IL-2 production, increased IL-6 production, apoptosis resistance, and shortened telomeres.

    Conclusions:

    • Accelerated aging and increased comorbidities in HIV are driven by chronic inflammation and immune activation.
    • Specific immunological and inflammatory markers can predict adverse outcomes in HIV-infected individuals.
    • Ongoing research focuses on therapeutic strategies to mitigate chronic inflammation and immune activation in HIV management.