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Gastric Phase of Digestion

Gastric Phase of Digestion

The gastric phase of digestion begins as soon as food enters the stomach. The incoming food bolus triggers neural and hormonal mechanisms, which last approximately 3 to 4 hours. During this phase, the stomach undergoes significant changes to prepare the food for further digestion and absorption.
When food enters the stomach, it stretches the stomach walls and activates stretch receptors. This triggers local reflexes of the enteric nervous system, mediated through the myenteric plexus. These...

Hormones Secreted by the Stomach

Hormones Secreted by the Stomach

Enteroendocrine cells, accounting for only 1% of stomach epithelial cells, play a significant role in digestion and are classified by their digestive hormone secretions.
Each of these hormones secreted by different enteroendocrine cells plays a unique role in digestion. Here are a few examples:

Gastric Emptying

Gastric Emptying

Gastric emptying occurs when the stomach gradually releases chyme into the duodenum. When the stomach is distended, it triggers the release of gastrin, a hormone that promotes gastric acid secretion to aid in digestion. Additionally, stomach distension contributes to peristaltic waves that propel gastric contents toward the pyloric region. The gastroenteric reflex, on the other hand, primarily stimulates peristalsis in the intestines, facilitating the movement of contents further along the...

Intestinal Phase of Digestion

Intestinal Phase of Digestion

The intestinal phase of digestion is the third and final stage of the digestive process, occurring after the cephalic and gastric phases. It begins when chyme, a partially digested mixture of food and digestive enzymes, enters the small intestine from the stomach. This phase is crucial for nutrient absorption and involves complex hormonal and enzymatic interactions.
The arrival of the chyme in the small intestine distends the duodenum, which triggers the enterogastric reflex. This distension...

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.

Mucosal Barrier of the Stomach

Mucosal Barrier of the Stomach

The gastric glands contain parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) for digestion. The cells secrete HCl because it is highly corrosive and essential for breaking down food. To achieve this, they secrete hydrogen and chloride ions into the lumen of the gastric glands, which combine to form HCl.
Within parietal cells, carbonic acid is first formed through the reaction of water and carbon dioxide. The dissociation of carbonic acid releases bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. The bicarbonate...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine

Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine

Published on: February 26, 2019

Gastric secretion.

Shijian Chu¹, Mitchell L Schubert

¹McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia 23249, USA.

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology

|September 8, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Recent research advances our understanding of gastric acid secretion regulation. Key findings include novel peptide discoveries and insights into neural, hormonal, and paracrine pathways influencing digestion and health.

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Fabrication and Implantation of Miniature Dual-element Strain Gages for Measuring In Vivo Gastrointestinal Contractions in Rodents.

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Mixed Primary Cultures of Murine Small Intestine Intended for the Study of Gut Hormone Secretion and Live Cell Imaging of Enteroendocrine Cells

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Published on: April 20, 2017

Area of Science:

Gastroenterology
Endocrinology
Neuroscience

Background:

Gastric acid is crucial for protein digestion, nutrient absorption (iron, B12), and pathogen defense.
Its secretion is a complex process influenced by multiple regulatory pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the latest scientific literature on gastric exocrine and endocrine secretion regulation.
To cover both basic science and clinical advancements in the past year.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies published within the last year.
Synthesis of findings on neural, hormonal, paracrine, chemical, and bacterial regulation.
Identification of novel peptides and serum markers.

Main Results:

Gastric acid aids digestion and absorption, preventing infections.
Regulation involves neural (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide), hormonal (gastrin, ghrelin, apelin), and paracrine (histamine) pathways.
New peptides (parathyroid hormone-like hormone, hepcidin) identified; serum markers (chromogranin A, pepsinogen I/II) linked to specific conditions.

Conclusions:

Significant progress has been made in understanding gastric acid secretion.
Continued research is vital for advancing knowledge in health and disease states.