Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
Antibody Structure and Classes01:25

Antibody Structure and Classes

Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are produced by B cells in response to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. These proteins are critical for recognizing and neutralizing these substances, protecting the body from potential harm.
The basic structure of an antibody consists of four protein chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. These chains are held together by disulfide bonds and other non-covalent interactions, forming a Y-shaped structure.
Transcytosis of IgG01:15

Transcytosis of IgG

Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
IgG molecules from a mother undergo transcytosis starting around 13 weeks of gestation. The amount of IgG transferred and entering the fetal blood circulation increases with...
Immunocytochemistry and Immunohistochemistry01:22

Immunocytochemistry and Immunohistochemistry

Immunocytochemistry (ICC) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) are techniques that use antibodies to check for specific proteins or antigens in a sample. The technique was first published by Albert Coons in 1941 to detect the presence of pneumococcal antigen in tissue sections from mice infected with Pneumococcus. Immunocytochemistry helps localization of proteins or antigens in individual cells like blood cells, stem cells, etc., while immunohistochemistry does the same for tissue samples.
These...
Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules01:31

Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules

Immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules or Ig-CAMs are a versatile group of cell surface glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin protein superfamily. Ig-CAMs possess the characteristic immunoglobulin protein domains and other domains such as the fibronectin type III domain. The Ig domains are glycosylated to varying degrees in different Ig-CAMs.
Ig-CAMs exhibit either homophilic binding (to other Ig-CAMs) or heterophilic binding (to other ligands such as integrins). While most Ig-CAMs...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Aspects of the Immunopathogenesis of Lyme Arthritis.

Microorganisms·2025
Same author

Proposed Immunopathogenetic Mechanisms Underlying Lyme Arthritis.

Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases·2024
Same author

Autobiographical Case Report: A Rubber Band, a Glass of Orange Juice.

Cureus·2021
Same author

What is causing the 'long-hauler' phenomenon after COVID-19?

Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine·2021
Same author

Enhanced Adhesion and OspC Protein Synthesis of the Lyme Disease Spirochete Borrelia Burgdorferi Cultivated in a Host-Derived Tissue Co-Culture System.

Balkan medical journal·2014
Same author

Basic science for the clinician 59: polymorphonuclear cells: mechanisms in human defense and in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease.

Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases·2012

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
06:15

Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Published on: September 7, 2018

Basic science for the clinician 58: IgG subclasses.

Leonard H Sigal1

  • 1Division of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Research, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-001, USA. lensigal@gmail.com

Journal of Clinical Rheumatology : Practical Reports on Rheumatic & Musculoskeletal Diseases
|September 8, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses, particularly IgG4, are increasingly linked to specific diseases. Understanding their unique functions and molecular biology is key to explaining disease pathology and histopathology patterns.

More Related Videos

Detection of True IgE-expressing Mouse B Lineage Cells
09:40

Detection of True IgE-expressing Mouse B Lineage Cells

Published on: December 1, 2014

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity
08:26

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity

Published on: December 14, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
06:15

Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Published on: September 7, 2018

Detection of True IgE-expressing Mouse B Lineage Cells
09:40

Detection of True IgE-expressing Mouse B Lineage Cells

Published on: December 1, 2014

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity
08:26

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity

Published on: December 14, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most recent isotype in the human humoral immune response.
  • The four IgG subclasses possess unique structures and functions, filling diverse clinical niches.
  • IgG4, despite low serum concentration, is gaining attention due to its association with certain diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the clinical significance of IgG subclasses, with a focus on IgG4.
  • To understand the molecular biology underlying IgG4-associated diseases.
  • To correlate IgG subclass functions with observed histopathology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on IgG subclass structure and function.
  • Analysis of clinical data linking IgG subclasses to specific diseases.
  • Examination of molecular mechanisms, including cytokine involvement, in IgG4-related conditions.

Main Results:

  • IgG subclasses exhibit subtle structural differences that dictate unique functional roles.
  • A strong association is emerging between IgG4 and specific pathologies.
  • Cytokine profiles are implicated as key mediators in the histopathological patterns of IgG4-related diseases.

Conclusions:

  • The distinct clinical roles of IgG subclasses highlight evolutionary adaptation in the immune system.
  • Further research into IgG4 and its molecular underpinnings is crucial for understanding and potentially treating associated diseases.
  • Understanding the interplay between IgG subclasses, cytokines, and disease pathology offers new avenues for clinical intervention.