Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:

Cause and Effect

Cause and Effect

While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?

Naturalistic Observations

Naturalistic Observations

If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...

Boundary Layer Characteristics

Boundary Layer Characteristics

When a fluid encounters a solid surface, a boundary layer forms due to the interaction between the fluid's motion and the stationary surface. This phenomenon is characterized by a thin region adjacent to the surface where viscous forces dominate, influencing the fluid's velocity profile. The development of the boundary layer begins at the leading edge of the surface and evolves as the fluid moves downstream.As the fluid flows over the surface, friction between the fluid and the wall slows down...

$Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling$ 01:26

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling

During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance. Over a...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Deliberating performance targets workshop: Potential paths for emerging PM<sub>2.5</sub> and O<sub>3</sub> air sensor progress.

Atmospheric Environment: X·2021

Same author

Tropospheric methanol observations from space: retrieval evaluation and constraints on the seasonality of biogenic emissions.

Atmospheric chemistry and physics·2021

Same author

Anthropogenic control over wintertime oxidation of atmospheric pollutants.

Geophysical research letters·2020

Same author

Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO).

Journal of quantitative spectroscopy & radiative transfer·2020

Same author

Aqueous-phase mechanism for secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene: application to the Southeast United States and co-benefit of SO<sub>2</sub> emission controls.

Atmospheric chemistry and physics·2020

Same author

Overview of HOMEChem: House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry.

Environmental science. Processes & impacts·2019

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer

Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer

Published on: May 29, 2019

Evidence for NO(x) control over nighttime SOA formation.

A W Rollins¹, E C Browne, K-E Min

¹Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|September 8, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Nighttime formation of organic aerosol (OA) in Bakersfield increases with nitrogen oxides (NOx). Reductions in NOx emissions are expected to decrease OA concentrations in the region.

More Related Videos

An Experimental Approach to Investigating Effects of Artificial Light at Night on Free-Ranging Animals: Implementation, Results, and Directions for Future Research

An Experimental Approach to Investigating Effects of Artificial Light at Night on Free-Ranging Animals: Implementation, Results, and Directions for Future Research

Published on: February 2, 2022

Low-Cost Automated Flight Intercept Trap for the Temporal Sub-Sampling of Flying Insects Attracted to Artificial Light at Night

Low-Cost Automated Flight Intercept Trap for the Temporal Sub-Sampling of Flying Insects Attracted to Artificial Light at Night

Published on: December 29, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer

Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer

Published on: May 29, 2019

An Experimental Approach to Investigating Effects of Artificial Light at Night on Free-Ranging Animals: Implementation, Results, and Directions for Future Research

An Experimental Approach to Investigating Effects of Artificial Light at Night on Free-Ranging Animals: Implementation, Results, and Directions for Future Research

Published on: February 2, 2022

Low-Cost Automated Flight Intercept Trap for the Temporal Sub-Sampling of Flying Insects Attracted to Artificial Light at Night

Low-Cost Automated Flight Intercept Trap for the Temporal Sub-Sampling of Flying Insects Attracted to Artificial Light at Night

Published on: December 29, 2021

Area of Science:

Atmospheric chemistry
Aerosol science
Environmental science

Background:

Laboratory studies show nitrogen oxides (NOx) influence atmospheric organic aerosol (OA) production through various chemical pathways.
Direct observation of these NOx effects on ambient OA has been limited.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the direct impact of nitrogen oxides (NOx) on ambient organic aerosol (OA) formation.
To quantify the contribution of specific chemical pathways to nighttime OA production.

Main Methods:

Measurements of particulate organic nitrates were conducted in Bakersfield, California.
Analysis focused on the relationship between NOx concentrations and the formation of organic nitrates.
Investigated the suppression effects of reactive organic molecules on nitrate radical (NO3) chemistry.

Main Results:

Nighttime organic nitrate formation was observed to increase with NOx concentrations.
High concentrations of reactive organic molecules suppressed organic nitrate formation, indicating multigenerational chemistry.
Organic nitrates accounted for approximately one-third of the nighttime increase in OA.

Conclusions:

Multigenerational chemistry driven by the nitrate radical (NO3), a product of anthropogenic NOx emissions, is a significant source of nighttime secondary OA.
Reducing NOx emissions in Bakersfield and surrounding areas should lead to decreased organic aerosol concentrations.