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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...
Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...
Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

RNA Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization for Long Non-Coding RNA Localization in Human Osteosarcoma Cells
05:27

RNA Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization for Long Non-Coding RNA Localization in Human Osteosarcoma Cells

Published on: June 16, 2023

Long noncoding RNAs are rarely translated in two human cell lines.

Balázs Bánfai1, Hui Jia, Jainab Khatun

  • 1Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

Genome Research
|September 8, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Most long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) do not produce proteins. Ribosomes distinguish coding from noncoding transcripts, indicating rare ectopic translation in the human lncRNAome.

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Cell Based Assays of SINEUP Non-coding RNAs That Can Specifically Enhance mRNA Translation
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Cell Based Assays of SINEUP Non-coding RNAs That Can Specifically Enhance mRNA Translation

Published on: February 1, 2019

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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

RNA Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization for Long Non-Coding RNA Localization in Human Osteosarcoma Cells
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RNA Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization for Long Non-Coding RNA Localization in Human Osteosarcoma Cells

Published on: June 16, 2023

Cell Based Assays of SINEUP Non-coding RNAs That Can Specifically Enhance mRNA Translation
10:21

Cell Based Assays of SINEUP Non-coding RNAs That Can Specifically Enhance mRNA Translation

Published on: February 1, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • The human genome contains over 9,640 long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) loci, but few are functionally characterized.
  • Understanding the protein-coding potential of lncRNAs is crucial for deciphering their cellular roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the extent of protein production from human lncRNAs.
  • To determine if ribosomes can distinguish between coding and noncoding transcripts.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) peptide data and RNA-sequencing data from the ENCODE project.
  • Application of the machine-learning algorithm RuleFit3 to correlate peptide expression with RNA expression.
  • Intersection of lncRNA loci with identified peptides to identify potential protein products.

Main Results:

  • lncRNAs are significantly less likely (~13-fold) to produce detectable peptides compared to messenger RNAs (mRNAs).
  • Approximately 92% of GENCODE v7 lncRNAs show no detectable protein production in K562 and GM12878 cell lines.
  • Most identified peptide matches to lncRNAs were attributed to misannotated coding transcripts, with rare exceptions of pseudogenes or lncRNAs with compromised open reading frames (ORFs).

Conclusions:

  • Ribosomes generally distinguish coding from noncoding transcripts, suggesting ectopic translation and cryptic mRNAs are rare in the human lncRNAome.
  • The vast majority of lncRNAs do not contribute to the proteome.
  • Further characterization is needed for the few lncRNAs showing evidence of translation.