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Waterfalls drive parallel evolution in a freshwater goby.

Yuichi Kano, Shin Nishida, Jun Nakajima

    Ecology and Evolution
    |September 8, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    Waterfalls drive parallel evolution in gobies. Independent landlocked populations of Rhinogobius sp. YB evolved from R. brunneus above waterfalls, with genetic divergence linked to waterfall height and isolation time.

    Keywords:
    Allopatric speciationIriomote IslandRhinogobius brunneus (Rhinogobius sp. DA)Rhinogobius sp. YBland erosionlandlocked fish

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    Area of Science:

    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Ichthyology
    • Speciation

    Background:

    • Waterfalls act as significant geographical barriers influencing aquatic species distribution and genetic divergence.
    • The freshwater goby Rhinogobius species complex provides a model for studying evolutionary processes in isolated freshwater habitats.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate parallel evolution in Rhinogobius sp. YB (YB) gobies, which evolved from amphidromous R. brunneus (BR), focusing on the role of waterfalls in speciation.
    • To determine the relationship between waterfall height, genetic distance, and morphological similarity in independently evolved YB populations.

    Main Methods:

    • Field surveys of fish fauna at 30 sites across 11 rivers on Iriomote Island, Japan.
    • Mitochondromal DNA analysis to assess genetic structure and divergence among YB and BR populations.
    • Cluster analysis of nine morphological characters to evaluate phenotypic similarity.

    Main Results:

    • All YB individuals were exclusively found above waterfalls (6.8–58.7 m), while BR and other fish inhabited areas below.
    • Mitochondrial DNA analysis revealed that each YB population evolved independently from BR above waterfalls.
    • Genetic distance from BR significantly correlated with waterfall height (r² = 0.94), indicating isolation periods of 11,000–88,000 years.

    Conclusions:

    • Waterfalls on Iriomote Island have facilitated multiple, independent instances of allopatric and parallel evolution in Rhinogobius gobies.
    • Waterfall height serves as a proxy for the duration of isolation, driving genetic and morphological divergence in YB populations.
    • Despite morphological similarities, genetic data confirm distinct evolutionary trajectories for YB populations, shaped by varying waterfall heights.