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Related Concept Videos

Support Reactions01:30

Support Reactions

A coplanar force system refers to a set of forces that all lie in the same plane and are subject to different reactions between the point of contact and the supports. Understanding how different types of supports affect coplanar forces is crucial for designing safe and reliable structures that can withstand external loads.
The purpose of the supports is to prevent the translational motion of the system by applying an equal and opposite force and to prevent the system's rotation by applying a...
Support Reactions in Three Dimensions01:27

Support Reactions in Three Dimensions

Support reactions in three dimensions help maintain the stability and equilibrium of various structures and systems. These reactions prevent the system from translating and rotating, ensuring the design can withstand external forces and perform its intended function efficiently and safely. Some of the supports providing support reactions in three dimensions are discussed below:
Ball and Socket Joint is one of the supports allowing free rotation about any axis. This freedom of rotation is...
Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired molecule. These three...
Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation

Thermal cycloadditions are reactions where the source of activation energy needed to initiate the reaction is provided in the form of heat. A typical example of a thermally-allowed cycloaddition is the Diels–Alder reaction, which is a [4 + 2] cycloaddition. In contrast, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition is thermally forbidden.
Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals01:16

Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals

Radicals adjacent to electron-donating groups are called nucleophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with electrophilic alkenes. The SOMO–LUMO interactions are the driving force for the reaction, where the high-energy SOMO of the electron-rich, nucleophilic radicals interacts with the low-energy LUMO of the electron-deficient, electrophilic alkenes. Such SOMO–LUMO interactions are the basis of reactive radical traps, affecting the selectivity in radical reactions. For instance, consider...
SN2 Reaction: Stereochemistry02:23

SN2 Reaction: Stereochemistry

In an SN2 reaction, the nucleophilic attack on the substrate and departure of the leaving group occurs simultaneously through a transition state. As the nucleophile approaches the substrate from the back-side, the configuration of the substrate carbon changes from tetrahedral to trigonal bipyramidal and then back to tetrahedral, leading to an inversion in the configuration of the product.
If the substrate is an achiral molecule at the α-carbon, the inversion of configuration is not observed.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Fabricating van der Waals Heterostructures with Precise Rotational Alignment
09:25

Fabricating van der Waals Heterostructures with Precise Rotational Alignment

Published on: July 5, 2019

Surface aligned reaction.

Zhanyu Ning1, John C Polanyi

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|September 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surface-aligned reaction (SAR) studies have advanced over 30 years. Future research aims to control atomic and molecular collision parameters, potentially realized with scanning tunneling microscopy and femtosecond laser spectroscopy.

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Simultaneous Multi-surface Anodizations and Stair-like Reverse Biases Detachment of Anodic Aluminum Oxides in Sulfuric and Oxalic Acid Electrolyte
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Fabrication of Spatially Confined Complex Oxides
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Fabrication of Spatially Confined Complex Oxides

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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

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Fabrication of Spatially Confined Complex Oxides
08:45

Fabrication of Spatially Confined Complex Oxides

Published on: July 1, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Surface Science
  • Chemical Dynamics
  • Materials Chemistry

Background:

  • Surface-aligned reaction (SAR) studies have progressed significantly over the past three decades.
  • The field aims for precise control over atomic and molecular interactions at surfaces.
  • Achieving simultaneous control of collision energy, angle, and impact parameter remains a key objective.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the progress in surface-aligned reaction dynamics.
  • To present new calculations of SAR dynamics for bimolecular reactions on metal surfaces.
  • To stimulate experimental research in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on SAR.
  • Computational dynamics calculations for bimolecular reactions at metal surfaces.
  • Discussion of potential future experimental techniques.

Main Results:

  • Advancements in understanding SAR over 30 years.
  • New computational data on SAR dynamics for specific reactions.
  • Identification of key parameters for controlling surface reactions.

Conclusions:

  • The field of SAR is poised for significant breakthroughs.
  • Simultaneous control of collision parameters is achievable in the near future.
  • Integration of scanning tunneling microscopy and femtosecond laser spectroscopy is expected to realize full SAR control.