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Related Concept Videos

Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
Humans, however, can respond to delayed reinforcers. We often make decisions between immediate small rewards and delayed larger rewards. This ability to delay gratification is a significant factor...
Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning01:15

Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning not only includes the initial pairing of stimuli but also extends to more complex forms, such as higher-order conditioning. Higher-order conditioning involves creating associations beyond the primary conditioned stimulus, resulting in a chain of conditioned responses.
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Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...
Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

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Updated: May 18, 2026

Classical Short-Delay Eyeblink Conditioning in One-Year-Old Children
07:36

Classical Short-Delay Eyeblink Conditioning in One-Year-Old Children

Published on: September 1, 2018

Delayed postconditioning: not too late?

Stéphanie Barrère-Lemaire1, Joël Nargeot, Christophe Piot

  • 1CNRS, UMR5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, F-34094 Montpellier, France. stephanie.barrere@igf.cnrs.fr

Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine
|September 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Delayed ischemic postconditioning, applied up to 30 minutes after reperfusion, effectively reduces myocardial infarction. This finding extends the cardioprotective window, offering new therapeutic possibilities.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Ischemic Heart Disease Research
  • Myocardial Protection Strategies

Background:

  • Ischemic postconditioning, initiated at reperfusion onset, is a known cardioprotective strategy.
  • Previous research established its efficacy in reducing myocardial infarction in animal models and human patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficacy of delayed ischemic postconditioning in reducing infarct size.
  • To determine if a prolonged cardioprotective window exists beyond the immediate reperfusion period.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a mouse model of myocardial infarction.
  • Applied ischemic postconditioning at various time points up to 30 minutes after the onset of reperfusion.
  • Quantified infarct size to assess the protective effect.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that delayed ischemic postconditioning (up to 30 minutes post-reperfusion) significantly decreases myocardial infarct size in mice.
  • Established a longer therapeutic window for cardioprotection than previously recognized.

Conclusions:

  • Delayed ischemic postconditioning is a viable strategy for reducing myocardial infarction.
  • The extended cardioprotective window has significant implications for clinical applications and pharmacological interventions.