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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid receptor...
Bacterial Toxins01:12

Bacterial Toxins

Bacterial toxins are sophisticated virulence factors that enable pathogenic bacteria to interact with, invade, and damage host tissues. These toxins fall broadly into two types: protein exotoxins, which are secreted into the environment and target specific host receptors, and lipopolysaccharide endotoxins, which are structural components of the bacterial outer membrane released primarily during bacterial lysis or membrane shedding. Exotoxins generally act more selectively, binding to cell...
Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems01:17

Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems

Gram-negative bacteria utilize sophisticated protein secretion systems to transport proteins across their double-membrane envelope into the extracellular environment or host cells. Based on their mechanism of action, these systems are classified into one-step and two-step pathways.One-Step Secretion Systems (Types I, III, IV, and VI)One-step secretion systems bypass the periplasm entirely, forming a continuous channel that spans both the inner and outer membranes:Type I Secretion System (T1SS):...
Stringent Response in E. coli01:23

Stringent Response in E. coli

Bacterial growth is closely tied to nutrient availability, with cells proliferating exponentially under favorable conditions and entering a stationary phase when resources become scarce. This transition is mediated by a regulatory mechanism known as the stringent response, which allows bacteria to adapt to nutrient deprivation by modulating gene expression and metabolic activity.During nutrient scarcity, intracellular amino acid levels decline. It results in the accumulation of uncharged tRNAs...
Cholera01:25

Cholera

Cholera is an acute gastrointestinal disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route through the ingestion of contaminated water or food.Vibrio cholerae is a motile, Gram-negative bacterium of the family Vibrionaceae, primarily associated with waterborne outbreaks in areas with inadequate sanitation. Although over 200 serogroups of V. cholerae exist, only O1 and O139 are responsible for epidemic cholera. The O1 serogroup,...
Inhibitors of Bacterial DNA Synthesis01:28

Inhibitors of Bacterial DNA Synthesis

Bacterial pathogens depend on precise and efficient DNA replication to sustain infection. Two type II topoisomerases—DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV—are critical to this process, as they resolve DNA supercoiling and unlink chromosomes during replication. Fluoroquinolones, synthetic derivatives of quinolones, exploit this mechanism by stabilizing the transient DNA–enzyme cleavage complex, preventing strand religation, and causing lethal double-strand breaks. These antibiotics are selectively...

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Imaging Ca2+ Responses During Shigella Infection of Epithelial Cells
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Imaging Ca2+ Responses During Shigella Infection of Epithelial Cells

Published on: May 24, 2018

Shiga toxins.

Jonas Bergan1, Anne Berit Dyve Lingelem, Roger Simm

  • 1Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.

Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology
|September 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Shiga toxins from bacteria inhibit protein synthesis and can cause cell death. Understanding these toxins

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology and Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Shiga toxins are critical virulence factors produced by Shigella dysenteriae and certain E. coli strains.
  • Diseases caused by these toxins currently lack specific treatments, highlighting the need for biological understanding.
  • Shiga toxins possess potent biological activities, including inhibition of protein synthesis and induction of apoptosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the biological mechanisms of Shiga toxins, including their cellular entry and translocation pathways.
  • To explore the potential therapeutic applications of Shiga toxins in medicine, such as cancer therapy and imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Investigating the intracellular transport mechanisms of Shiga toxins via retrograde pathways.

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Detection of Toxin Translocation into the Host Cytosol by Surface Plasmon Resonance
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Detection of Toxin Translocation into the Host Cytosol by Surface Plasmon Resonance

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  • Analyzing the inhibition of protein synthesis and ribosome inactivation by Shiga toxins.
  • Studying the signaling pathways induced by Shiga toxins that lead to apoptosis.

    • Main Results:

    • Shiga toxins are efficiently translocated to the cytosol from the endoplasmic reticulum after endocytosis.
    • The toxins effectively inhibit protein synthesis by inactivating ribosomes within target cells.
    • Shiga toxins can trigger apoptotic signaling pathways, contributing to cellular damage.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding Shiga toxin biology is crucial for developing treatments against infections caused by these pathogens.
    • The unique intracellular transport mechanisms of Shiga toxins make them valuable tools for studying cellular processes.
    • Despite their pathogenic nature, Shiga toxins hold promise for innovative medical applications like targeted cancer therapy and advanced imaging techniques.