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Related Concept Videos

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
Genome Annotation and Assembly03:36

Genome Annotation and Assembly

The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.
Genomics02:02

Genomics

Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
Phylogenetic Trees03:21

Phylogenetic Trees

Phylogenetic trees come in many forms. It matters in which sequence the organisms are arranged from the bottom to the top of the tree, but the branches can rotate at their nodes without altering the information. The lines connecting individual nodes can be straight, angled, or even curved.
Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features.
Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Processing the Loblolly Pine PtGen2 cDNA Microarray
07:01

Processing the Loblolly Pine PtGen2 cDNA Microarray

Published on: March 20, 2009

Towards decoding the conifer giga-genome.

John Mackay1, Jeffrey F D Dean, Christophe Plomion

  • 1Center for Forest Research, Institute for Integrative and Systems Biology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.

Plant Molecular Biology
|September 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary

New initiatives are sequencing large conifer genomes like pine and spruce, previously unattainable due to size. Advances in next-generation sequencing technology are enabling this crucial research for forest conservation.

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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Forestry
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Conifer genomes, including pines, spruces, and Douglas-fir, are exceptionally large (18-35 gigabases).
  • Previous sequencing efforts were limited by technological constraints and high costs.
  • Significant knowledge gaps exist regarding conifer genome structure, content, and evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the context and rationale behind recent conifer genome sequencing initiatives.
  • To highlight the progress made in understanding conifer genomes.
  • To outline future directions for conifer genomics research.

Main Methods:

  • Large-scale complementary DNA (cDNA) analyses.
  • Construction of genetic maps.
  • Gene mapping studies to link phenotype and genotype.
  • Exploratory genome sequencing.

Main Results:

  • Sequencing conifer genomes is now feasible due to next-generation sequencing (NGS) advancements.
  • Exploratory sequencing reveals unique properties of conifer "giga-genomes".
  • Foundational knowledge has been established through genetic mapping and cDNA studies.

Conclusions:

  • Recent technological progress enables comprehensive conifer genome sequencing.
  • Comparative genomic analyses are planned to maximize data utility.
  • This research aims to support conifer forest enhancement and protection globally.