Development of the Chinese version of the Hooper Visual Organization Test: normative data

The present study consisted of two phases: development and psychometric validation of a Chinese version of the Hooper Visual Organization Test (HVOT) using Rasch analysis and the provision of normative data on the basis of a representative sample of the Chinese-speaking population. The HVOT was administered to 1008 healthy adults aged 15-79 years, 60 patients with stroke, and 60 patients with schizophrenia. The results indicated that with 12 items removed, the resulting 18-item scale was found to be unidimensional, with satisfactory internal consistency and no evidence of differential item functioning or bias for age, sex and educational level. There were significant differences between each of the two patient groups and normal controls on the scores of the Rasch-developed measure. All test-retest coefficients exceeded 90 in patient samples. As performance on the Chinese version decreases with age and lower years of education, regression-based normative data that took age and education into account were established. A cut-off score of 21.5, out of an x-y range, the higher the better, resulted in a sensitivity of 0.86 and a specificity of 0.68. The normative data presented here will enable clinicians to determine different levels of visuosynthetic impairments more precisely.