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Related Concept Videos

Levels of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention01:26

Levels of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention

Health promotion allows a person to control the determinants of health, resulting in an improved health status. It enhances the quality of life and reduces premature deaths. Health promotion and illness prevention programs help people make beneficial choices to reduce the risk of disease and disabilities. There are three health promotion and illness prevention levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
In primary prevention, actions taken before disease onset prevent the disease from...
Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention I01:25

Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention I

A model is a theoretical way to understand a concept or an idea. Models can overcome barriers to health regardless of diverse economic and cultural backgrounds. In addition, models make the task easier by providing different ways to approach complex issues. There are two major health promotion models: the health belief model and the health promotion model.
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Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention II01:18

Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention II

The person's health status fluctuates continually, varying from being in good health to becoming ill and returning to being healthy. To understand the concept of illness prevention, there are two models. First, the health-illness continuum model is a graphic representation of an individual's wellness. It states that a person is considered healthy in the absence of physical disease and the presence of good emotional health.
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Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Bias in Epidemiological Studies

Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:
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Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model
23:56

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Published on: October 31, 2010

A perspective on progress and gaps in HIV prevention science.

Patrick F Kiser1, Pedro M M Mesquita, Betsy C Herold

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA. patrick.kiser@utah.edu

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses
|September 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Topical HIV prevention methods show promise, but challenges remain. Further research is needed to understand drug interactions and mucosal immunity for effective topical chemoprophylaxis.

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Area of Science:

  • * HIV prevention research
  • * Pharmacology and immunology
  • * Topical drug delivery systems

Background:

  • * Recent milestones in HIV prevention include topical tenofovir gel and oral Truvada for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).
  • * Disappointing clinical trial results highlight the complexities of HIV prevention research.
  • * Current understanding of HIV sexual transmission relies on animal models and explanted tissues, which may not fully represent clinical scenarios.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To discuss scientific and developmental gaps in topical chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention.
  • * To emphasize the need for better understanding of HIV transmission dynamics.
  • * To identify key areas for future research in HIV prevention.

Main Methods:

  • * Review and synthesis of current knowledge on HIV prevention.
  • * Discussion of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations.
  • * Analysis of formulation, delivery systems, and host immune responses.

Main Results:

  • * Significant protection from topical tenofovir gel demonstrated in clinical trials.
  • * Oral Truvada approved for PrEP, showing success in men and women.
  • * Complex interactions between drug properties, delivery, anatomical site, and mucosal immunity are critical.

Conclusions:

  • * Gaps exist in understanding topical HIV prevention, particularly concerning drug interactions and mucosal immunity.
  • * Further research is crucial to elucidate the role of sex hormones, semen, and mucosal secretions in HIV transmission.
  • * Integrating knowledge of innate immunity, mucosal environment, and drug efficacy is paramount for advancing topical HIV prevention strategies.