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Related Concept Videos

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides01:16

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.
Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction

Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement01:57

Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement

Compounds bearing two hydroxyl groups are known as diols. When the hydroxyl groups are located on adjacent carbon atoms, the diols are called vicinal diols or glycols. Under acidic conditions, vicinal diols undergo a specific reaction called pinacol rearrangement.
The reaction begins with transferring a proton from the acid catalyst to one of the hydroxyl groups, producing an oxonium ion.
Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes02:41

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Synthesis of Indoxyl-glycosides for Detection of Glycosidase Activities
09:10

Synthesis of Indoxyl-glycosides for Detection of Glycosidase Activities

Published on: May 27, 2015

4,6-Dibromo-isophthalic acid monohydrate.

Bao-Fen Ye1

  • 1Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|September 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals how molecules in the title hydrate crystal structure form a two-dimensional network through hydrogen bonds. The findings detail the specific angles and molecular involvement in this supramolecular assembly.

Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding molecular interactions is key in crystal engineering.
  • The title hydrate's structure provides insights into hydrogen bonding networks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title hydrate, C(8)H(4)Br(2)O(4)·H(2)O.
  • To analyze the hydrogen bonding patterns and supramolecular assembly.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was used to determine the crystal structure.
  • Analysis of hydrogen bond distances and angles was performed.

Main Results:

  • The crystal structure features a two-dimensional network formed by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
  • Both the main molecule's acid groups and the water molecule are integral to the network.

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Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of Phosphorus(I)
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Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of Phosphorus(I)

Published on: November 22, 2016

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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Synthesis of Indoxyl-glycosides for Detection of Glycosidase Activities
09:10

Synthesis of Indoxyl-glycosides for Detection of Glycosidase Activities

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Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of Phosphorus(I)
08:46

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of Phosphorus(I)

Published on: November 22, 2016

  • Specific dihedral angles between the benzene ring and acid groups (37.8(4)° and 36.4(5)°) and between acid groups (10.9(4)°) were measured.

    • Conclusions:

    • The hydrogen bonding network dictates the supramolecular architecture of the title hydrate.
    • The precise arrangement of molecules is governed by the interplay of acid groups and water.
    • This structural information is valuable for designing materials with specific properties.