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Related Concept Videos

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols02:23

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
As with other organic compounds, alcohols and phenols...
Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols02:32

Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols

Alcohols are organic compounds in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon. Phenols are a class of alcohols containing a hydroxy group attached to an aromatic ring. The physical properties of the alcohols and phenols are influenced by hydrogen bonding due to the oxygen–hydrogen dipole in the hydroxy functional group and dispersion forces between alkyl or aryl regions of alcohol and phenol molecules.
Alcohols possess a higher boiling point than aliphatic hydrocarbons of similar...
Protection of Alcohols02:31

Protection of Alcohols

This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...
Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers02:28

Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers

Structure and Bonding
Ethers are organic compounds with an ether functional group which is characterized by an oxygen atom connected to two — identical or different — alkyl, aryl, or vinyl groups. The C–O–C linkage in dimethyl ether — the simplest ether — has an approximately tetrahedral bond angle of 110.3 degrees. The oxygen atom is sp3- hybridized, with the C–O distance being about 140 pm.
Classification of Ethers
Based on their attached substituent groups, ethers can be classified into two...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

A Two-Step Protocol for Umpolung Functionalization of Ketones Via Enolonium Species
08:12

A Two-Step Protocol for Umpolung Functionalization of Ketones Via Enolonium Species

Published on: August 16, 2018

4-[(E)-(4-Eth-oxy-phen-yl)imino-meth-yl]phenol.

Aliakbar Dehno Khalaji, Karla Fejfarová, Michal Dušek

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |September 13, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the crystal structure of a novel organic compound, C(15)H(15)NO(2). The molecule exhibits a specific dihedral angle between benzene rings and an E conformation, with crystal packing influenced by hydrogen bonds.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Molecular Structure

    Background:

    • Understanding the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in organic molecules is crucial for predicting their properties and reactivity.
    • Crystal structure analysis provides precise details on molecular geometry, conformation, and intermolecular interactions.
    • The title compound, C(15)H(15)NO(2), represents a specific molecular architecture whose solid-state behavior warrants investigation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(15)H(15)NO(2).
    • To determine the dihedral angle between the benzene rings and the conformation around the central C=N bond.
    • To investigate the intermolecular interactions and crystal packing in the solid state.

    Main Methods:

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    Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions
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    Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
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    Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

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    Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions
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    Published on: July 17, 2020

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
  • The crystal structure was solved and refined to obtain precise atomic coordinates and bond parameters.
  • Analysis of intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces, was performed.

    • Main Results:

    • The crystal structure of C(15)H(15)NO(2) was successfully determined.
    • A dihedral angle of 52.04(5)° between the two benzene rings was observed.
    • The molecule adopts an E conformation about the central C=N bond.
    • Molecules are linked by O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming zigzag chains along the b axis.
    • Weak C-H⋯O interactions were identified as contributing to the crystal packing.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides a detailed account of the molecular geometry and solid-state arrangement of C(15)H(15)NO(2).
    • The observed dihedral angle and E conformation offer insights into the conformational preferences of this class of compounds.
    • The hydrogen bonding network and other weak interactions dictate the crystal packing, influencing bulk properties.