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Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene01:22

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene

Sulfonation of benzene is a reaction wherein benzene is treated with fuming sulfuric acid at room temperature to produce benzenesulfonic acid. Fuming sulfuric acid is a mixture of sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid.
Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test01:23

Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test

The Hinsberg test is a method to identify primary, secondary and tertiary amines, named after its pioneer, Oscar Hinsberg. Here, amines are treated with benzenesulfonyl chloride, also known as the Hinsberg reagent, in the presence of an excess of aqueous base, followed by acidification. Based on the nature of the amines, different changes are observed.
Generally, a primary amine reacts with the Hinsberg reagent to produce an N-substituted benzenesulfonamide. The electron-withdrawing sulfonyl...
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:37

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling constants depend...
Nomenclature of Secondary and Tertiary Amines01:12

Nomenclature of Secondary and Tertiary Amines

The secondary and tertiary amines are derivatives of ammonia, where two and three of its hydrogens are replaced by alkyl groups, respectively. Secondary and tertiary amines can be symmetrical with identical alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom or unsymmetrical when more than one type of alkyl group is present. The standard nomenclature of secondary and tertiary amines is similar to the names given to the primary amines. They are generally named alkylamines. As depicted in Figure 1, for...

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Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine
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2-Hy-droxy-ethanaminium 2-methyl-5-nitro-benzene-sulfonate.

Peng Fei Hu, Ying Zheng, Wen Xi Wang

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study details the crystal structure of a specific salt, revealing how its components connect via hydrogen bonds to form layered structures. The nitro group

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    Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

    Published on: November 23, 2016

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Solid-state chemistry

    Background:

    • Understanding the crystal structure of salts is crucial for predicting their physical and chemical properties.
    • Salts formed from organic cations and anions exhibit diverse structural motifs.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title salt, C(2)H(8)NO(+)·C(7)H(6)NO(5)S(-).
    • To investigate the intermolecular interactions, specifically hydrogen bonding, within the crystal lattice.
    • To determine the spatial arrangement of functional groups, such as the nitro group relative to the benzene ring.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms.
    • Analysis of hydrogen bonding networks (N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O) was performed.
    • Geometric parameters, including dihedral angles, were calculated.

    Main Results:

    • The crystal structure consists of cations (C(2)H(8)NO(+)) and anions (C(7)H(6)NO(5)S(-)) linked by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
    • These interactions result in the formation of layers parallel to the (100) crystallographic plane.
    • A dihedral angle of 17.5(2)° was observed between the nitro group plane and the benzene ring plane, indicating a skew conformation.

    Conclusions:

    • The hydrogen bonding network dictates the layered structure of the salt.
    • The observed dihedral angle provides insight into the conformational preferences of the anion within the crystal environment.
    • The detailed structural information contributes to the broader understanding of organic salt crystal engineering.