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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Quadratic Models01:23

Quadratic Models

Quadratic models are mathematical representations used to describe relationships in which the rate of change changes at a constant rate. These models appear in a wide variety of natural and engineered systems, especially those involving motion, forces, and optimization. One common application is analyzing the vertical motion of objects influenced by gravity, such as a ball thrown into the air.In such scenarios, the object's height changes over time in a curved pattern, rising to a maximum point...
Motion of a Projectile01:23

Motion of a Projectile

Projectile motion becomes evident when a player kicks the ball into the air. The launch angle, or the angle at which the ball is kicked, plays a crucial role in determining the trajectory of the projectile. As the ball soars through the air, influenced solely by gravity, its motion can be dissected into two independent velocity components: the horizontal and the vertical.
Horizontal motion, governed by the initial kick, maintains a constant velocity throughout the flight of the soccer ball.
Relative Motion Analysis using Rotating Axes01:25

Relative Motion Analysis using Rotating Axes

Consider a component AB undergoing a linear motion. Along with a linear motion, point B also rotates around point A. To comprehend this complex movement, position vectors for both points A and B are established using a stationary reference frame.
However, to express the relative position of point B relative to point A, an additional frame of reference, denoted as x'y', is necessary. This additional frame not only translates but also rotates relative to the fixed frame, making it instrumental in...
Relative Motion Analysis using Rotating Axes-Problem Solving01:29

Relative Motion Analysis using Rotating Axes-Problem Solving

Consider a crane whose telescopic boom rotates with an angular velocity of 0.04 rad/s and angular acceleration of 0.02 rad/s2. Along with the rotation, the boom also extends linearly with a uniform speed of 5 m/s. The extension of the boom is measured at point D, which is measured with respect to the fixed point C on the other end of the boom. For the given instant, the distance between points C and D is 60 meters.
Here, in order to determine the magnitude of velocity and acceleration for point...
Projectile Motion: Example01:18

Projectile Motion: Example

The theory of projectile motion is very useful for players of several sports to improve their performance. For example, a javelin thrower needs to throw their javelin in such a way that it travels as far as possible. The javelin thrower takes a short run-up to increase the initial speed of the javelin. The range of a projectile is at its maximum at a 45° angle so javelin throwers try to angle their throw as close to 45° as possible.
When we speak of the range (R) of a projectile on level...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
06:09

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

Published on: March 12, 2021

A spherical model analyzing shoulder motion in overhand and sidearm pitching.

G I Yoshikawa1

  • 1From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.

Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
|September 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Accurate shoulder movement analysis in baseball pitchers is crucial for preventing injuries. This study used 3D imaging and electromyography to examine pitching mechanics and muscle activity, revealing individual movement patterns and the triceps muscle

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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
06:09

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

Published on: March 12, 2021

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
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Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

Published on: February 10, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Baseball pitching places significant stress on the shoulder joint.
  • Understanding shoulder kinematics and muscle activation is vital for injury prevention and rehabilitation.
  • Previous research has focused on general pitching mechanics, with less emphasis on individual variations and specific muscle roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To accurately measure shoulder movement during different pitching styles (overhand and sidearm).
  • To investigate the electromyographic activity of key shoulder muscles during pitching.
  • To clarify the causes of shoulder problems in baseball pitchers and inform injury prevention strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized three-dimensional (3D) imaging and electromyography (EMG) during pitching in 35 amateur baseball pitchers.
  • Employed a high-speed video imaging system to analyze overhand and sidearm throwing techniques.
  • Measured shoulder rotation using a compact camera and examined biceps and triceps muscle activity via EMG in subsets of participants.

Main Results:

  • Image analysis revealed minimal differences in shoulder movement between overhand and sidearm pitching styles for individual subjects, highlighting unique movement patterns.
  • Electromyography demonstrated a significant role for the triceps muscle during the pitching motion.
  • Individual shoulder movement characteristics were more pronounced than differences attributed to pitching style.

Conclusions:

  • Individualized analysis of shoulder biomechanics is essential for understanding pitching-related injuries.
  • The triceps muscle plays a key role in baseball pitching, warranting consideration in training and injury prevention.
  • These findings provide valuable clinical insights for diagnosing and managing shoulder disorders in baseball players.