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The Auditory Ossicles

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...

Sutures of the Skull

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...

The Cochlea

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.

Anatomy of the Ear

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...

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Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

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Petrous bone fractures violating otic capsule.

Giuseppe Magliulo¹, Mario Ciniglio Appiani, Giannicola Iannella

¹Organi di Senso Department, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy. giuseppemagliuloorl@yahoo.com

Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [And] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology

|September 14, 2012

Summary

Subtotal petrosectomy effectively prevents cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks and meningitis in petrous bone fractures. This surgical approach significantly reduces complications, improving patient outcomes and quality of life.

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Area of Science:

Neurosurgery
Otolaryngology
Skull Base Surgery

Background:

Petrous bone fractures involving the otic capsule pose risks of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak and meningitis.
Effective management strategies are crucial to prevent serious neurological complications.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the efficacy of subtotal petrosectomy with obliteration in preventing CSF leak and meningitis.
To assess the impact of this surgical approach on patient quality of life.

Main Methods:

Retrospective analysis of 26 patients undergoing subtotal petrosectomy between 1997 and 2011.
Evaluation of clinical symptoms, audiometry, facial nerve function, and complications.
Postoperative quality of life assessment via questionnaire.

Main Results:

Significant intraoperative CSF leaks identified in 42.5% of patients.
No postoperative CSF leaks or meningitis reported.
Facial nerve function showed a slight decline post-surgery (p < 0.05), but 88.5% reported no social impact.

Conclusions:

Subtotal petrosectomy is an effective treatment for petrous bone fractures violating the otic capsule, significantly reducing CSF leak and meningitis risk.
Preoperative counseling is essential to inform patients about potential complications and the benefits of surgical intervention.