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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation
09:13

In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation

Published on: April 30, 2014

Gene expression as a quantitative trait: what about translation?

Constantin Polychronakos1

  • 1The Endocrine Genetics Laboratory, Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, The Montreal Children's Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada. Constantin.Polychronakos@McGill.ca

Journal of Medical Genetics
|September 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genetic variants in mRNA translation significantly impact protein levels and complex traits. While rare mutations are well-documented, common polymorphisms affecting translation are less understood, suggesting more discoveries await.

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Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation
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Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation

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Genome-wide Quantification of Translation in Budding Yeast by Ribosome Profiling
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Genome-wide Quantification of Translation in Budding Yeast by Ribosome Profiling

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 18, 2026

In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation
09:13

In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation

Published on: April 30, 2014

Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation
09:13

Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation

Published on: August 22, 2017

Genome-wide Quantification of Translation in Budding Yeast by Ribosome Profiling
12:57

Genome-wide Quantification of Translation in Budding Yeast by Ribosome Profiling

Published on: December 21, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Genetic variants controlling steady-state messenger RNA (mRNA) levels are well-studied.
  • Protein levels, not mRNA, ultimately determine phenotypic variation.
  • Evidence for exonic polymorphisms affecting mRNA translation is reviewed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing evidence for exonic polymorphisms influencing mRNA translation.
  • To highlight the gap in understanding common polymorphisms affecting translation compared to rare mutations.

Main Methods:

  • Informal literature review of genetic variants impacting mRNA translation.

Main Results:

  • Monogenic diseases often involve rare mutations in translationally active mRNA elements (e.g., altering initiation codons, Kozak sequences, RNA secondary structure, internal ribosomal entry sites, or Fe-response elements).
  • Examples of common polymorphisms in these elements influencing complex phenotypes are scarce.
  • Emerging reports suggest functionally polymorphic microRNA (miRNA) binding sites.

Conclusions:

  • Methodological limitations hinder detection of translational effects.
  • Current knowledge of translational effects on complex phenotypes is likely the 'tip of the iceberg'.
  • High-throughput quantitative proteomics offers a promising avenue for future exploration.