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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

An Instrumented Pull Test to Characterize Postural Responses
12:18

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Published on: April 6, 2019

Startle induces early initiation of classically conditioned postural responses.

A D Campbell1, R Chua, J T Inglis

  • 1School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Journal of Neurophysiology
|September 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Startling acoustic stimuli (SAS) can trigger prepared motor responses. This study found that classical conditioning with auditory cues primes postural responses (PRs), demonstrating advanced motor preparation for balance control.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomechanics
  • Motor Control

Background:

  • Startling acoustic stimuli (SAS) are known to elicit rapid motor responses.
  • Classical conditioning paradigms can be used to study learned motor behaviors.
  • Understanding postural responses (PRs) is crucial for dynamic balance control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate advanced motor preparation of conditioned postural responses (PRs) using SAS and classical conditioning.
  • To examine how auditory cues influence the preparation of postural responses.
  • To explore the neural mechanisms underlying conditioned postural responses.

Main Methods:

  • A classical conditioning paradigm was employed with auditory cues (CS) preceding support-surface translations.
  • Generalized startle responses were induced, followed by conditioning trials.
  • Conditioned PRs were assessed using biomechanical measures (center of pressure, kinematics) and electromyography (EMG) in response to CS-Only and post-conditioning SAS trials.

Main Results:

  • Repeated cued balance perturbations led to conditioned PRs and demonstrated motor preparation.
  • Conditioning was evident in biomechanical and EMG responses during CS-Only trials.
  • SAS trials showed early onset of PRs with preserved response parameters, distinct from generalized startle responses.

Conclusions:

  • Cued balance perturbations effectively induce conditioned PRs and motor preparation.
  • SAS can evoke prepared conditioned PRs with distinct characteristics.
  • The findings offer insights into using cues in postural control research and the neural basis of PRs.