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Related Concept Videos

Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this information.
Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
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Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round end"...
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Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory

The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the cerebellum's...
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The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
07:12

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

Parietal contributions to visual working memory depend on task difficulty.

Kevin T Jones1, Marian E Berryhill

  • 1Memory and Brain Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Reno, NV, USA.

Frontiers in Psychiatry
|September 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Parietal cortex stimulation impacts working memory (WM) differently based on task difficulty and individual capacity. High capacity individuals benefit from stimulation on challenging tasks, while low capacity individuals are impaired.

Keywords:
PPCindividual differencestDCStask difficultyworking memory

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A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions
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A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 18, 2026

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
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Published on: April 11, 2025

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions
10:38

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Published on: July 16, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging and Neuromodulation

Background:

  • Parietal lobe's role in working memory (WM) is not fully understood.
  • Previous studies using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the right parietal cortex showed mixed results on WM performance.
  • These results varied with different WM tasks and stimulation polarities (anodal vs. cathodal).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how WM task demands and individual WM capacity modulate the effects of parietal tDCS.
  • To determine if complementary findings from previous studies reflect differential parietal involvement.
  • To explore the interaction between task difficulty, WM capacity, and neuromodulation of the parietal cortex.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted using anodal and cathodal tDCS on the right parietal cortex.
  • Participants completed WM tasks varying in difficulty (e.g., change detection, sequential presentation).
  • Participants were grouped by high and low WM capacity, and task difficulty was parametrically manipulated in Experiment 2.

Main Results:

  • An interaction was observed between tDCS polarity, WM task difficulty, and WM capacity.
  • In difficult tasks, high WM capacity individuals showed improved performance with parietal tDCS, while low WM capacity individuals showed impaired performance.
  • Low WM capacity individuals were largely unaffected by tDCS in Experiment 2, whereas high capacity individuals showed a linear response to increasing task difficulty.

Conclusions:

  • Parietal cortex involvement in WM performance is contingent on both task demands and an individual's WM capacity.
  • High and low WM capacity individuals may employ different strategies for WM tasks, influencing their response to parietal neuromodulation.
  • tDCS effects on WM are not uniform and depend on the interplay between cognitive load and individual differences.