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Related Concept Videos

Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

Antimicrobial Proteins

Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
Interferons
Interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses. While IFNs cannot prevent viruses from entering and...
Chemotaxis and Direction of Cell Migration01:21

Chemotaxis and Direction of Cell Migration

Cells can detect chemical cues in their environment and reorganize the cytoskeleton to migrate toward them or away from them. This directional migration, called chemotaxis, is essential during embryogenesis and development, immune response, tissue repair and regeneration, and reproduction. These chemical cues can either attract or repel the cell's movement. For example, axon development is determined by a combination of chemoattractants and chemorepellents that direct the growing axon towards...
Antifungal Agents01:15

Antifungal Agents

Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that exploits structural differences between fungal and mammalian cell membranes. Its amphipathic structure—featuring a hydrophobic polyene-lactone ring and a hydrophilic region containing mycosamine and carboxylic acid groups—enables selective binding to ergosterol, a sterol predominantly found in fungal plasma membranes. This selective interaction underlies the drug’s antifungal activity, although weak binding to cholesterol contributes to...
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists01:28

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists

Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors are distributed across the GI tract, vagal afferents, and key CNS regions including the central vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Chemotherapy agents stimulate enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to release large amounts of substance P (SP). SP is a neuropeptide released by specific sensory nerves in response to many different stressors, including those in the GI mucosa affected by chemotherapy.  SP binds and activates these...
Antimicrobial Effectiveness01:28

Antimicrobial Effectiveness

The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
Chemical Agents for Microbial Control01:27

Chemical Agents for Microbial Control

Chemicals play important roles in controlling microbial growth by targeting microbial structures and functions as sanitizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, and sterilants.Alcohols are commonly used sanitizers, effectively disrupting lipid membranes, which compromises cell integrity. They are also used as antiseptics and disinfectants due to their rapid action and versatility.Phenols and their derivatives phenolics , known for denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes, are particularly...

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Updated: May 18, 2026

Assessment of Lymphocyte Migration in an Ex Vivo Transmigration System
10:25

Assessment of Lymphocyte Migration in an Ex Vivo Transmigration System

Published on: September 20, 2019

Antimicrobial chemokines.

Sunny C Yung1, Philip M Murphy

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA.

Frontiers in Immunology
|September 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chemokines, known for immune cell guidance, show direct antimicrobial properties against bacteria and fungi. However, some bacteria can block these effects, prompting research into new antibiotic development.

Keywords:
G protein-coupled receptorchemoattractantimmunologymicrobiomemucosa

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08:47

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Chemokines primarily direct leukocyte chemotaxis for immune responses.
  • Emerging evidence suggests some chemokines possess direct antimicrobial activity.
  • Antimicrobial chemokines often feature amphipathic alpha-helical structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the direct antimicrobial functions of chemokines.
  • To investigate the mechanisms of interaction between chemokines and microbes.
  • To assess the potential of antimicrobial chemokines as novel antibiotics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on chemokine function and antimicrobial properties.
  • Analysis of structural features of antimicrobial chemokines.
  • Examination of bacterial mechanisms for inhibiting chemokine activity.

Main Results:

  • Chemokines demonstrate broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi.
  • Specific bacterial mechanisms exist to counteract chemokine antimicrobial effects.
  • In vitro and in vivo studies indicate biological significance of these interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Chemokines possess a dual role in immunity and direct antimicrobial defense.
  • Microbial evasion strategies pose challenges to chemokine antimicrobial efficacy.
  • Further research is warranted to develop chemokines as a new class of antibiotics.