Electronic spectra of structurally deformed lutein

Quantum chemical calculations have been employed for the investigation of the lowest excited electronic states of lutein, with particular reference to its function within light harvesting antenna complexes of higher plants. Through comparative analysis obtained by using different methods based on gas-phase calculations of the spectra, it was determined that variations in the lengths of the long C-C valence bonds and the dihedral angles of the polyene chain are the dominant factors in determining the spectral properties of Lut 1 and Lut 2 corresponding to the deformed lutein molecules taken from crystallographic data of the major pigment-protein complex of photosystem II. By MNDO-CAS-CI method, it was determined that the two singlet B(u) states of lutein (nominally 1B(u)(-)* and 1B(u)(+)) arise as a result of mixing of the canonical 1B(u)(-) and 1B(u)(+) states of the all-trans polyene due to the presence of the ending rings in lutein. The 1B(u)(-)* state of lutein is optically allowed, while the 1B(u)(-) of a pure all-trans polyene chain is optically forbidden. As demonstrated, the B(u) states are much more sensitive to minor distortions of the conjugated chain due to mixing of the canonical states, resulting in states of poorly defined particle-hole symmetry. Conversely, the A(g) states are relatively robust with respect to geometric distortion, and their respective inversion and particle-hole symmetries remain relatively well-defined.