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Related Concept Videos

Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity

The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity is the body's natural, nonspecific defense system that acts quickly to protect against pathogens. It incorporates physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes and cellular elements such as phagocytes and natural killer cells. This part of our immune system provides an immediate,...

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Evolution of vertebrate immunity.

Thomas Boehm1

  • 1Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany. boehm@immunbio.mpg.de

Current Biology : CB
|September 15, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multicellular organisms use sophisticated immune defenses, including innate and adaptive immunity, to fight pathogens. Shared attributes in invertebrates and vertebrates highlight common ancestry and inform new therapeutic strategies for immune disorders.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Comparative Biology

Background:

  • Multicellular organisms possess complex immune systems to defend against pathogens.
  • Immune homeostasis is maintained by interconnected humoral and cellular components.
  • Innate immunity is characteristic of invertebrates, while vertebrates possess both innate and adaptive immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the shared attributes and evolutionary origins of innate and adaptive immune responses.
  • To understand the functional distinctions and commonalities between different immune systems.
  • To identify new therapeutic strategies for human immune disorders based on evolutionary insights.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of immune responses across diverse species (invertebrates and vertebrates).
  • Phylogenetic considerations to trace the evolutionary history of immune mechanisms.
  • Investigation of functional networks within immune systems.

Main Results:

  • Many features historically attributed to innate or adaptive immunity are present in both.
  • Functional distinctions between innate and adaptive immunity are blurred, suggesting shared ancestry.
  • Evidence of co-evolution between immune systems and pathogens.

Conclusions:

  • Immune systems of invertebrates and vertebrates share common evolutionary roots.
  • Understanding shared immune mechanisms provides insights into the evolution of antigen receptors.
  • Phylogenetic and functional network knowledge opens new avenues for immune disorder therapeutics.