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A spatial analysis of pit latrine density and groundwater source contamination
Jim A Wright1, Aidan Cronin, Joseph Okotto-Okotto
1Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK. j.a.wright@soton.ac.uk
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
|September 15, 2012
Summary
Groundwater contamination in Kisumu, Kenya, is linked to pit latrine density, posing public health risks. High levels of nitrate, chloride, and fluoride were found, alongside widespread thermotolerant coliforms, highlighting sanitation challenges.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Science
- Public Health
- Water Quality Assessment
Background:
- Peri-urban areas in Kisumu, Kenya, face challenges with groundwater contamination due to widespread use of shallow wells and pit latrines.
- Assessing the link between sanitation practices and water quality is crucial for public health in densely populated regions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the relationship between chemical and microbial contamination of groundwater and potential hazards in Kisumu's peri-urban areas.
- To determine the impact of pit latrine density on groundwater quality parameters.
Main Methods:
- Collected and analyzed 263 groundwater samples from 61 sources for thermotolerant coliforms and 18 for chemical contaminants (nitrate, chloride, fluoride) between 1998 and 2004.
- Utilized a geographic information system (GIS) to survey water sources, buildings, and pit latrines, calculating pit latrine densities within a 100-m radius.
- Correlated contamination levels with rainfall patterns and sanitary inspection scores.
Main Results:
- Ten of 18 samples exceeded WHO nitrate guidelines; 236/263 samples were positive for thermotolerant coliforms; all samples exceeded fluoride guidelines.
- Pit latrine density within a 100-m radius significantly correlated with increased nitrate and chloride levels (p < 0.05).
- No significant correlation was found between thermotolerant coliforms and pit latrine density, rainfall, or sanitary inspection scores.
Conclusions:
- Shallow groundwater sources in high-density peri-urban areas are at significant risk of contamination from on-site sanitation.
- Findings challenge current policies promoting latrine construction without considering density and groundwater impact.
- Further comprehensive studies are recommended to inform water quality policies and mitigate public health risks.
