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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
The Anatomy of Chloroplasts01:08

The Anatomy of Chloroplasts

Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. They coordinate both stages of photosynthesis — the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reactions use sunlight to release oxygen and produce chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions capture CO2 and use ATP and NADPH to produce sugar.
Structure of Chloroplasts
A...
Anatomy of Chloroplasts01:07

Anatomy of Chloroplasts

Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor chloroplasts—the vital organelles where photosynthesis takes place. In plants, the highest density of chloroplasts is found in the mesophyll cells of leaves.
Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

Non-nuclear Inheritance

Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Isolation and Respiratory Measurements of Mitochondria from Arabidopsis thaliana
09:54

Isolation and Respiratory Measurements of Mitochondria from Arabidopsis thaliana

Published on: January 5, 2018

How do plants make mitochondria?

Chris Carrie1, Monika W Murcha, Estelle Giraud

  • 1Department of Biology I, Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Großhaderner Strasse 2-4, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany. christopher.carrie21@gmail.com

Planta
|September 15, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Plant mitochondria adapt their function through complex cellular networks. Understanding these regulatory processes is key to predicting and modifying mitochondrial activity for plant growth.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Mitochondrial Biology
  • Cellular Regulation

Background:

  • Plant mitochondria exhibit dynamic variations in size, shape, number, and protein content, crucial for tissue-specific functions and development.
  • Recent advances have elucidated key aspects of mitochondrial biogenesis, including seed dormancy transitions, nuclear gene regulation by diurnal cycles, stress responses, protein targeting, and respiratory chain interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize current understanding of plant mitochondrial regulation and integration within cellular networks.
  • To highlight the need for deeper insight into the molecular components governing mitochondrial function for predictive and modifiable applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of recent research findings in plant mitochondrial biology.
  • Analysis of signaling and regulatory processes influencing mitochondrial dynamics.
  • Integration of knowledge on nuclear-mitochondrial communication and cellular networks.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondrial function is intricately linked to cellular signaling, adapting to cell-specific needs for plant growth.
  • Mitochondrial biogenesis involves complex regulatory pathways, including diurnal cycles and stress responses.
  • Inter-organelle communication extends beyond metabolite exchange, involving integrated cellular networks.

Conclusions:

  • Plant mitochondrial function is part of a complex, hierarchical regulatory network.
  • Further investigation into molecular components is necessary for rational prediction and modification of mitochondrial function.
  • Understanding these networks is vital for optimizing plant growth and development.