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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Study Designs in Epidemiology01:20

Study Designs in Epidemiology

Epidemiological study designs are fundamental tools for investigating the distribution, determinants, and control of health conditions in populations. They help researchers understand the relationships between exposures and outcomes, and they broadly fall into two categories: "observational" and "experimental" studies.
Observational studies are those where the researcher does not intervene but rather observes natural variations. They include cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies.
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Bias01:22

Bias

Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...
Bias in Epidemiological Studies01:29

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

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Murine Hind Limb Long Bone Dissection and Bone Marrow Isolation
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Published on: April 14, 2016

Biases in bone metabolism studies.

Marco Borderi1, Pierluigi Viale

  • 1Infection Diseases Unit, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. marco.borderi@aosp.bo.it

Acta Bio-Medica : Atenei Parmensis
|September 18, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Bone mineral density (BMD) loss is common in aging adults with HIV, exacerbated by the virus and antiretrovirals. Existing studies on BMD loss are compromised by significant biases, necessitating more rigorous research.

Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Aging populations with HIV are increasing, facing challenges like comorbidity and accelerated biological aging.
  • HIV infection and antiretroviral therapies (ART) significantly amplify age-related bone mineral density (BMD) loss.
  • Specific antiretrovirals, particularly tenofovir, are implicated in BMD reduction, though studies show conflicting results.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the existing literature on BMD loss in HIV-infected individuals.
  • To identify and analyze the biases that compromise the interpretation of BMD loss studies in this population.
  • To highlight the need for improved methodologies in future research.

Main Methods:

  • Review and critical analysis of existing studies on BMD loss in HIV patients.

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  • Identification of common biases including demographic heterogeneity, differing baseline BMD, and inconsistent measurement methods.
  • Evaluation of how BMD is reported (e.g., percentage loss vs. absolute values, T-score usage).

    • Main Results:

    • Numerous studies on BMD loss in HIV patients are confounded by significant biases.
    • Factors such as age, sex, BMI, duration of HIV infection, and baseline BMD create non-homogeneous study populations.
    • Inconsistent reporting of BMD (percentage loss, T-score use in inappropriate groups, varying DXA machines) further complicates findings.

    Conclusions:

    • Current research on BMD loss in HIV-infected individuals is heavily compromised by methodological biases.
    • The true impact of HIV and specific antiretrovirals on BMD requires further investigation with unbiased, prospective studies.
    • Standardized methodologies and longer follow-up periods are crucial for accurate BMD assessment in aging HIV patients.