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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial transdifferentiation occurs...
In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors
12:12

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors

Published on: December 17, 2013

Reprogramming mammalian somatic cells.

N Rodriguez-Osorio1, R Urrego, J B Cibelli

  • 1Grupo Centauro, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colômbia, Spain.

Theriogenology
|September 18, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) involve nuclear reprogramming, but the molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Understanding these processes is crucial for improving cloning and stem cell derivation efficiency.

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RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: November 26, 2018

A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells
08:01

A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells

Published on: August 29, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 18, 2026

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors
12:12

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors

Published on: December 17, 2013

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
11:38

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: November 26, 2018

A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells
08:01

A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells

Published on: August 29, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Developmental Biology
  • Cellular Reprogramming Mechanisms

Background:

  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) creates clones by reprogramming differentiated cells into a zygote-like state.
  • Nuclear reprogramming involves epigenetic modifications to re-establish pluripotency.
  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer an alternative reprogramming strategy without SCNT.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the cellular and molecular events during nuclear reprogramming in SCNT.
  • To discuss current approaches to enhance nuclear reprogramming efficiency.
  • To highlight the knowledge gaps in understanding reprogramming mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on SCNT and iPSC reprogramming.
  • Analysis of epigenetic modifications and gene expression changes during reprogramming.
  • Comparison of different strategies to improve reprogramming outcomes.

Main Results:

  • The enucleated oocyte environment facilitates embryonic gene expression in somatic cells.
  • Reprogramming involves the removal of epigenetic marks acquired during differentiation.
  • Overexpression of transcription factors can induce pluripotency, bypassing SCNT.

Conclusions:

  • The molecular basis of nuclear reprogramming in SCNT and iPSC generation is not fully understood.
  • Improved understanding of reprogramming mechanisms will enhance SCNT and iPSC derivation.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the complex epigenetic landscape of reprogramming.