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Related Concept Videos

Biosynthesis of Lipids01:29

Biosynthesis of Lipids

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Microbial membranes exhibit remarkable diversity in lipid composition, reflecting evolutionary adaptations to various environmental conditions. The three domains of life—Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya—synthesize membrane lipids through distinct biosynthetic pathways, leading to fundamental structural differences that impact membrane stability, function, and adaptability.Fatty Acid-Based Lipids in Bacteria and EukaryaBacteria and eukaryotes share a common fatty acid biosynthesis...
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Biosynthesis in Bacteria01:24

Biosynthesis in Bacteria

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Biosynthesis in bacteria is a fundamental anabolic process that generates essential macromolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and polysaccharides. These macromolecules are critical for cellular growth, replication, and function. The process is tightly regulated and energetically linked to catabolic pathways to ensure optimal resource utilization.Biosynthetic pathways begin with precursor metabolites such as pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, and glucose-6-phosphate derived from glycolysis,...
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Peptidoglycan Synthesis01:28

Peptidoglycan Synthesis

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Structure of PeptidoglycanPeptidoglycan is a vital structural component of the bacterial cell wall, providing mechanical strength and shape to the cell. It consists of repeating units of two sugars—N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)—linked by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. These sugar chains are cross-linked by short peptide chains, forming a mesh-like polymer that surrounds the bacterial plasma membrane.Cytoplasmic Phase – Precursor SynthesisPeptidoglycan...
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Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine in the ER Membrane01:27

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The ER synthesizes lipids for building cell membranes and performing cellular functions such as energy storage and signaling. The lipid synthesis machinery embedded in the ER membrane primarily collects all reactants from the cytosol. Following synthesis, the secretory pathway and the ER contact sites distribute these lipids to other cellular organelles. Additionally, the energy-rich triacylglycerides are transported from the ER via lipid droplets.
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Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

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Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
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IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

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Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 29, 2025

Isolation of Lipoprotein Particles from Chicken Egg Yolk for the Study of Bacterial Pathogen Fatty Acid Incorporation into Membrane Phospholipids
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Isolation of Lipoprotein Particles from Chicken Egg Yolk for the Study of Bacterial Pathogen Fatty Acid Incorporation into Membrane Phospholipids

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Phosphatidic acid synthesis in bacteria.

Jiangwei Yao1, Charles O Rock

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, USA.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|September 18, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Bacterial phospholipid synthesis, crucial for cell function, involves specific enzymes targeting phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) production. These enzymes are potential targets for developing new antibacterial drugs against Gram-positive pathogens.

Area of Science:

  • Bacterial Physiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Membrane phospholipid synthesis is essential for bacterial cell viability.
  • Phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) is the central precursor for all bacterial phospholipids.
  • Enzymes involved in PtdOH synthesis are crucial for bacterial membrane integrity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the enzymatic pathways and key precursors in bacterial phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) synthesis.
  • To identify potential therapeutic targets within these pathways for antibacterial drug development.

Main Methods:

  • The study reviews the known enzymes and pathways involved in bacterial phospholipid biosynthesis, focusing on PtdOH formation.
  • It discusses the acyl donors (acyl-acyl carrier protein, acyl-CoA, acyl-phosphate) and enzyme families (PlsB, PlsY, PlsC) involved in glycerol-3-phosphate acylation.

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Isolation of Lipoprotein Particles from Chicken Egg Yolk for the Study of Bacterial Pathogen Fatty Acid Incorporation into Membrane Phospholipids
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Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates
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  • Analysis of the conversion of diacylglycerol to PtdOH by lipid kinases.

    • Main Results:

    • Two distinct enzyme families, PlsB and PlsY, acylate the 1-position of glycerol-3-phosphate using different acyl donors.
    • The PlsC family of enzymes acylates the 2-position, primarily using acyl-acyl carrier protein.
    • Lipid kinases convert diacylglycerol to PtdOH, completing the synthesis pathway.

    Conclusions:

    • The enzymes responsible for de novo and recycling pathways to phosphatidic acid are critical for bacterial cell physiology.
    • These enzymes represent promising targets for the development of novel antibacterial therapeutics, particularly against Gram-positive pathogens.