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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization

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Implicit and explicit categorization: a tale of four species.

J David Smith¹, Mark E Berg, Robert G Cook

¹Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA. psysmith@buffalo.edu

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

|September 18, 2012

Summary

Pigeons and primates categorize differently, offering insights into cognitive evolution. Pigeons

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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization

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Area of Science:

Comparative cognition
Neuroscience
Evolutionary psychology

Background:

Categorization is a vital survival adaptation studied across species.
Human cognition involves explicit (rule-based) and implicit (associative) categorization.
Existing research contrasts rule-based and information-integration tasks.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate categorization strategies in pigeons and primates.
To understand the evolutionary origins of cognitive systems.
To explore the development of explicit cognition in primates.

Main Methods:

Comparative analysis of categorization tasks in humans, macaques, capuchin monkeys, and pigeons.
Utilizing one-dimensional (rule-based) and two-dimensional (information-integration) category tasks.
Assessing learning speed and strategy differences between species.

Main Results:

Humans, macaques, and capuchins excel at rule-based tasks, showing strong dimensionalization.
Pigeons learn both rule-based and information-integration tasks at similar rates.
Pigeons exhibit less commitment to dimensional analysis and category rules.

Conclusions:

Pigeons may reflect an ancestral vertebrate categorization system.
Primate categorization abilities show continuity with human explicit cognition.
Dimensional analysis and rule learning were significant in primate cognitive evolution.