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Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.

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Auditory Pathway

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
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The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Published on: June 14, 2014

Articulatory movements modulate auditory responses to speech.

Z K Agnew¹, C McGettigan, B Banks

¹Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK. z.agnew@ucl.ac.uk

|September 18, 2012

Summary

The brain processes self-produced speech differently from heard speech, with distinct temporal cortex regions involved. Articulation suppresses auditory responses in anterior temporal areas, aiding in detecting others' speech.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Auditory Perception
Speech Production

Background:

Action production relies on sensory input, particularly in speech.
The temporal cortex differentially processes self-vocalizations versus others' in primates.
Understanding auditory and motor responses to self- vs. externally-produced speech is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate differential auditory and motor responses in the brain for self-produced versus externally-produced speech.
To map the neural activity in the superior temporal cortex during various speech-related tasks.

Main Methods:

Functional neuroimaging was employed to study brain activity.
Participants engaged in four conditions: speaking aloud, silently mouthing while listening, passive listening, and silent reading.
Analysis focused on distinct response profiles within the superior temporal cortex.

Main Results:

Separate superior temporal cortex regions showed distinct responses to speaking, mouthing, and listening.
Anterior superior temporal cortices exhibited suppressed responses during speaking and mouthing compared to passive listening.
Posterior superior temporal regions were activated during articulation, with specific patterns for mouthing and reading aloud.

Conclusions:

Articulation, with or without auditory feedback, modulates dorsolateral temporal cortex responses.
An anterior-posterior division in the superior temporal cortex was identified, with anterior fields suppressed during motor output.
Posterior fields are involved in auditory processing for guiding articulation.