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Related Concept Videos

Integrins01:10

Integrins

Animal and protozoan cells do not have cell walls to help maintain shape and provide structural stability. Instead, these eukaryotic cells secrete a sticky mass of carbohydrates and proteins into the spaces between adjacent cells. This network of proteins and molecules is called an extracellular matrix or ECM.
Some ECM proteins assemble into a basement membrane to which the remaining components adhere. Proteoglycans typically form the bulk of the ECM while fibrous proteins, like collagen,...
Activation of Integrins01:15

Activation of Integrins

Integrins bind ligands and transmit information from outside the cell to inside or vice-versa through an "outside-in signaling" or "inside-out signaling."
In "outside-in signaling," external factors in the extracellular space bind to exposed ligand binding sites on integrins. This causes the inactive protein to undergo a conformational change to become active. Integrins are often clustered on the cell membrane. Repetitive and regularly spaced ligand binding events provide an effective stimulus.
Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions01:17

Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions

Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
Some...
Anchoring Junctions01:03

Anchoring Junctions

Anchoring junctions are multiprotein complexes that help cells connect to other cells and the extracellular matrix. Anchoring junctions are present on the lateral and basal surfaces of cells, providing strong and flexible connections. Focal adhesions are often formed due to cell interactions with the ECM substrata, which initiate signal transduction via kinase cascades and other mechanisms. Together, they provide stability and tissue integrity. There are three types of anchoring junctions:...
Cell Adhesion Molecules - Types and Functions01:20

Cell Adhesion Molecules - Types and Functions

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are pivotal to multicellularity and the coordinated functioning of tissues and organ systems. They enable physical interactions between cells and provide mechanical strength to tissues. They also function as receptors for signal transmission across the plasma membrane. The CAMs are broadly classified into four families - integrins, cadherins, selectins, and immunoglobulin-like CAMs (IgCAMs).
CAM Families
The Integrin family of proteins is primarily  involved in a...
Cell Adhesion Molecules - Types and Functions01:20

Cell Adhesion Molecules - Types and Functions

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are pivotal to multicellularity and the coordinated functioning of tissues and organ systems. They enable physical interactions between cells and provide mechanical strength to tissues. They also function as receptors for signal transmission across the plasma membrane. The CAMs are broadly classified into four families - integrins, cadherins, selectins, and immunoglobulin-like CAMs (IgCAMs).
CAM Families
The Integrin family of proteins is primarily  involved in a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Quantitative Analysis of Cell Edge Dynamics during Cell Spreading
10:54

Quantitative Analysis of Cell Edge Dynamics during Cell Spreading

Published on: May 22, 2021

Band 4.1 proteins regulate integrin-dependent cell spreading.

Youngsin Jung1, Joseph H McCarty

  • 1Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX 77030, United States.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
|September 18, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Band 4.1 proteins, including 4.1B and 4.1G, are crucial for integrin-mediated cell spreading in astrocytes. Their localization and function are vital for cell adhesion and migration processes.

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Quantitative Analysis of Cell Edge Dynamics during Cell Spreading
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Tension Gauge Tether Probes for Quantifying Growth Factor Mediated Integrin Mechanics and Adhesion

Published on: February 11, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Integrins mediate cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions, controlling cell adhesion, spreading, and migration.
  • Band 4.1 proteins, characterized by their FERM domains, are implicated in signaling and cytoskeletal dynamics, potentially interacting with integrins.
  • The precise functional interplay between Band 4.1 proteins and integrins remains largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Band 4.1 proteins in integrin-mediated cell spreading.
  • To elucidate the sub-cellular localization dynamics of Band 4.1 proteins during astrocyte spreading on fibronectin.
  • To determine the functional significance of Band 4.1B and 4.1G in astrocyte spreading and astrogliosis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized primary astrocytes as a model system for studying cell spreading.
  • Examined the sub-cellular localization of Proteins 4.1B and 4.1G using immunofluorescence during cell spreading on fibronectin.
  • Assessed the impact of combinatorial inactivation of Protein 4.1B and 4.1G expression on astrocyte spreading.
  • Investigated the effect of exogenous expression of the isolated Protein 4.1 FERM domain on integrin-mediated cell spreading.
  • Evaluated the role of Protein 4.1B in reactive astrogliosis in experimental cortical injury models.

Main Results:

  • Proteins 4.1B and 4.1G exhibited dynamic sub-cellular localization, enriching in ECM adhesion sites during early spreading and becoming more diffuse later.
  • Combinatorial inactivation of Protein 4.1B and 4.1G expression resulted in significantly impaired astrocyte spreading.
  • The isolated Protein 4.1 FERM domain enhanced integrin-mediated cell spreading in exogenous expression systems.
  • Protein 4.1B was found to be dispensable for reactive astrogliosis, suggesting functional compensation by other Band 4.1 family members.

Conclusions:

  • Band 4.1 proteins are essential intracellular regulators of integrin-mediated cell spreading.
  • Dynamic localization of Band 4.1 proteins is critical for their function in cell adhesion and spreading.
  • While important for spreading, Protein 4.1B's role in astrogliosis can be compensated by related family members.