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Explaining the encoding/retrieval flip: memory-related deactivations and activations in the posteromedial cortex.

W Huijbers¹, P Vannini, R A Sperling

¹Harvard Medical School, Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. huijbers@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu

Neuropsychologia

|September 18, 2012

Summary

The posteromedial cortex (PMC) shows an encoding/retrieval flip (E/R-flip) pattern, crucial for episodic memory. This review explores PMC function, its E/R-flip, and links to Alzheimer's disease and aging.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Psychology
Neuroimaging

Background:

The posteromedial cortex (PMC) is implicated in episodic memory and age-related memory decline.
PMC exhibits deactivations during cognitive tasks, linked to the default-mode network.
A unique encoding/retrieval flip (E/R-flip) in PMC activity during memory tasks remains poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the neurofunctional and clinical significance of the PMC's E/R-flip pattern.
To examine hypotheses explaining PMC function in memory.
To discuss the role of PMC in aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on PMC function, E/R-flip, and neuroimaging studies.
Analysis of hypotheses including internal orienting, self-referential processing, reallocation, and bottom-up attention.
Examination of clinical data related to aging, AD, and amyloid deposition in PMC.

Main Results:

No single neurofunctional hypothesis fully explains the PMC E/R-flip.
Amyloid deposits in PMC precede clinical memory deficits in AD, impairing memory encoding.
The PMC comprises distinct functional subdivisions: precuneus, retrosplenial cortex, and posterior cingulate cortex.

Conclusions:

The PMC's E/R-flip pattern is complex and not fully explained by current neurofunctional models.
Amyloid burden in PMC significantly impacts memory encoding, particularly attenuating beneficial deactivations.
Understanding PMC subdivisions is key to interpreting its varied functional signals in memory and disease.