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Related Concept Videos

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Gonadal and Placental Hormones01:24

Gonadal and Placental Hormones

The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
In males, testosterone is the primary gonadal androgen. It plays a central role in the maturation of male reproductive organs — the penis and testes. Additionally, testosterone is instrumental in the development of secondary sexual characteristics — a deep voice as well as facial and pubic hair growth — and...
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...
Accessory Glands of the Male Reproductive System01:16

Accessory Glands of the Male Reproductive System

The accessory ducts involved in sperm maturation and transportation include the epididymides, vasa deferentia, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra. These ducts play a critical role in the maturation, storage, and transportation of sperm from the testes to the urethra, where it is then released during ejaculation.
The epididymis is a small, comma-shaped organ located at the back of each testicle. The epididymis can be divided into three main parts: the head, body, and tail. The head of the epididymis...
Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...

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Molluscan GnRH associated with reproduction.

Makoto Osada1, Nicholas Treen

  • 1Laboratory of Aquacultural Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Amamiya-machi, Tsutsumidori, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan. mosada@bios.tohoku.ac.jp

General and Comparative Endocrinology
|September 18, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) plays a key role in reproduction across many animal groups. Research shows molluscan GnRH is vital for reproduction in bivalves and cephalopods, offering insights into reproductive endocrinology evolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Comparative Physiology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is crucial for regulating vertebrate reproduction.
  • The GnRH superfamily, including GnRH, AKH, Crz, and ACP, is widespread in bilateral animals and potentially in ancient ancestors.
  • Molluscan GnRH research has advanced through immunological identification, functional studies, and sequence analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current status of molluscan GnRH research.
  • To focus on the role of GnRH in molluscan reproduction.
  • To provide insights into the evolution of reproductive endocrinology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on molluscan GnRH.
  • Immunological detection of GnRH-like peptides using heterologous antibodies.
  • Analysis of physiological functions and sequence data related to GnRH in molluscs.

Main Results:

  • GnRH-like peptides have been detected in cephalopods and gastropods, suggesting involvement in behavior and reproduction.
  • The reproductive roles of GnRH have been confirmed in bivalve and cephalopod molluscs.
  • Evidence indicates GnRH superfamily members are nearly ubiquitous in bilateral animals.

Conclusions:

  • Molluscan GnRH is integral to reproductive processes in key groups like bivalves and cephalopods.
  • GnRH research in molluscs contributes to understanding the broader evolution of reproductive endocrinology.
  • The widespread distribution of GnRH superfamily peptides highlights their ancient evolutionary origins.