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Related Concept Videos

Blood Flow01:29

Blood Flow

Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The velocity of blood flow decreases with increased cross-sectional blood vessel area. As blood returns to the heart through venules and veins, its velocity increases. The movement of blood is encouraged by smooth muscle in the vessel walls, the movement of skeletal muscle surrounding the vessels, and one-way valves that prevent backflow.
Irrotational Flow01:28

Irrotational Flow

Irrotational flow is characterized by fluid motion where particles do not rotate around their axes, resulting in zero vorticity. For a flow to be irrotational, the curl of the velocity field must be zero. This imposes specific conditions on velocity gradients. For instance, to maintain zero rotation about the z-axis, the gradient condition:
Velocity and Acceleration in Steady and Unsteady Flow01:11

Velocity and Acceleration in Steady and Unsteady Flow

In fluid mechanics, velocity and acceleration are key concepts for analyzing particle motion in both steady and unsteady flow. Consider a fluid particle moving along a pathline, where its velocity depends on its position and time. The particle's acceleration is obtained by differentiating the velocity with respect to time.
The acceleration can be generalized to any point in the flow, and expressed as components along three perpendicular directions, representing changes in velocity over time.

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Related Experiment Video

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Assessing Intracardiac Vortices with High Frame-Rate Echocardiography-Derived Blood Speckle Imaging in Newborns
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The evolution of intraventricular vortex during ejection studied by using vector flow mapping.

Haibin Zhang1, Liwen Liu, Lulu Chen

  • 1Department of Ultrasound, PLA 210th Hospital, Dalian, China.

Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.)
|September 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

In patients with reduced ejection fraction, the intraventricular vortex persists longer during left ventricular ejection, staying near the apex. This vortex evolution is linked to cardiac dimensions and function.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Echocardiography
  • Hemodynamics

Background:

  • Intraventricular vortex dynamics are crucial for efficient left ventricular (LV) function.
  • Understanding vortex evolution during ejection provides insights into LV systolic performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the changes in intraventricular vortex behavior during the ejection phase of the cardiac cycle.
  • To correlate vortex evolution with echocardiographic parameters in healthy individuals and patients with varying LV ejection fraction (EF).

Main Methods:

  • Vector flow mapping was employed to visualize and quantify intraventricular vortex dynamics.
  • The study included healthy volunteers and patients with coronary artery disease and dilated cardiomyopathy, stratified by LV EF.

Main Results:

  • In healthy subjects and those with EF >50%, the intraventricular vortex dissipated rapidly during early ejection.
  • Patients with EF <50% exhibited a persistent vortex mainly at the apex, lasting significantly longer.
  • Vortex evolution correlated with QRS width, EF, fractional shortening, LV outflow velocity time integral, wall motion score index (WMSI), LV dimensions, and diastolic mitral annular velocities.

Conclusions:

  • In LV systolic dysfunction, the intraventricular vortex persists throughout ejection, predominantly at the apex.
  • The observed vortex evolution is strongly associated with LV dimensions and overall cardiac function.