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Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions

Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions

Published on: November 27, 2017

Mouse primed embryonic stem cells could be maintained and reprogrammed on human amnion epithelial cells.

Yi-Fei Chen¹, Zhangli Dong, Lizheng Jiang

¹Shanghai Jiaotong University, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.

Stem Cells and Development

|September 19, 2012

Summary

Human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) support primed mouse ESCs and enable reprogramming to naïve-like cells. This demonstrates primed cells can revert to a naïve pluripotent state under specific conditions.

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Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model

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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions

Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions

Published on: November 27, 2017

The Production of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Amniotic Fluid Cells Using a Transposon System

The Production of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Amniotic Fluid Cells Using a Transposon System

Published on: February 28, 2017

Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model

Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model

Published on: September 6, 2014

Area of Science:

Stem Cell Biology
Developmental Biology
Epigenetics

Background:

Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) exist in two states: naïve and primed.
Primed ESCs, like ESC-derived epiblast stem cells (ESD-EpiSCs), differ significantly from naïve cells in characteristics and signaling requirements.
ESD-EpiSCs typically require basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and cannot be maintained by leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF).

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the potential of human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) as feeder cells for maintaining ESD-EpiSCs.
To explore the reprogramming capacity of primed ESD-EpiSCs into naïve-like cells using hAECs.
To analyze the epigenetic and signaling differences between primed and reprogrammed naïve-like cells.

Main Methods:

Culturing ESD-EpiSCs on hAECs with bFGF.
Exposing ESD-EpiSCs on hAECs to LIF to induce reprogramming.
Assessing pluripotency marker expression (naïve vs. primed).
Performing DNA methylation analysis.
Evaluating cellular responses to bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4).

Main Results:

hAECs successfully supported the undifferentiated growth of ESD-EpiSCs.
ESD-EpiSCs cultured on hAECs could be reprogrammed to naïve-like converted ESCs (cESCs) upon LIF exposure.
Reprogramming involved activation of naïve pluripotency markers and suppression of primed markers, confirmed by DNA methylation analysis.
ESD-EpiSCs and cESCs showed distinct responses to BMP4 signaling.

Conclusions:

hAECs serve as effective feeder cells for both naïve and primed ESCs.
Primed ESCs can be reprogrammed into naïve-like pluripotent cells on hAECs, indicating plasticity.
These findings highlight the potential for converting primed pluripotency to a naïve-like state under optimized conditions.