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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
Healing II: Complications01:24

Healing II: Complications

Complications during healing arise when tissue repair is altered by local or systemic factors. These changes involve abnormal collagen deposition, altered biomechanics, and reduced vascular supply, impairing restoration of normal structure and function.Loss of FunctionScar tissue differs significantly from the original tissue it replaces. In the skin, fibrosis lacks adnexal structures such as hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. Their absence reduces tactile sensitivity, impairs...
Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination01:28

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Vessel-sparing Excision and Primary Anastomosis
08:09

Vessel-sparing Excision and Primary Anastomosis

Published on: January 7, 2019

Persistent histological changes in the exstrophic bladder after primary closure-a cause for concern?

Peter C Rubenwolf1, Fabian Eder, Anne-Karoline Ebert

  • 1Department of Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. peter.rubenwolf@unimedizin-mainz.de

The Journal of Urology
|September 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Bladder exstrophy patients show persistent or progressing epithelial changes after surgery. These changes, including cystitis glandularis and intestinal metaplasia, may increase long-term cancer risk, necessitating lifelong surveillance.

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Evaluation of Biomaterials for Bladder Augmentation using Cystometric Analyses in Various Rodent Models
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Evaluation of Biomaterials for Bladder Augmentation using Cystometric Analyses in Various Rodent Models
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Evaluation of Biomaterials for Bladder Augmentation using Cystometric Analyses in Various Rodent Models

Published on: August 9, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Bladder exstrophy is a congenital condition requiring complex surgical reconstruction.
  • Understanding the long-term histological changes in the exstrophic bladder is crucial for patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate histological features in bladder biopsies from patients with classic bladder exstrophy.
  • To discuss the potential clinical significance of these findings for long-term outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Bladder tissues were analyzed from 71 patients undergoing primary closure, reconstructive procedures, or cystectomy.
  • Histological examination for inflammatory, proliferative, metaplastic, and dysplastic changes was performed.
  • Immunohistochemical analysis of urothelial differentiation markers CK13 and CK20 was conducted.

Main Results:

  • All patient subgroups exhibited inflammatory, proliferative, and metaplastic changes.
  • Severe epithelial changes, including cystitis glandularis and intestinal metaplasia, were found in up to 62% of bladders post-closure.
  • Aberrant expression of CK13 and CK20 indicated abnormal urothelial differentiation in all subgroups.

Conclusions:

  • Epithelial changes in the exstrophic bladder template persist or progress after primary closure.
  • While malignant potential is debated, some patients face an increased long-term risk of dysplasia/neoplasia.
  • Lifelong surveillance is recommended due to the unknown natural history of these lesions.