Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Publisher Correction: Current knowledge and challenges of sepsis-associated encephalopathy.

Intensive care medicine·2026
Same author

Acute and Long-Term EEG and seizure characteristics in new onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE).

Epilepsia·2026
Same author

Assessing cognition and quality of life in people with epilepsy: A feasibility study for mild and marked cognitive impairment.

Epilepsy & behavior : E&B·2026
Same author

Current knowledge and challenges of sepsis-associated encephalopathy.

Intensive care medicine·2026
Same author

Barriers and facilitators to advance care planning implementation for patients with neurodegenerative diseases among Indian physicians: a mixed-methods analysis.

BMC health services research·2026
Same author

Optimized Simultaneous Assessment of Subcortical and Cortical Auditory Responses Through a Frequency-Tagged Roving Paradigm.

The European journal of neuroscience·2025
Same journal

Ataxia Global Initiative recommend MRI end-points for clinical trials in ataxias.

Nature reviews. Neurology·2026
Same journal

Adaptive deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease: clinical implementation and outlook.

Nature reviews. Neurology·2026
Same journal

Moving artificial intelligence from research to real-world clinical use in neurology.

Nature reviews. Neurology·2026
Same journal

Artificial intelligence in headache care.

Nature reviews. Neurology·2026
Same journal

Artificial intelligence could reshape research and care in disorders of consciousness.

Nature reviews. Neurology·2026
Same journal

Christina Kim: functional and biochemical mapping of neural circuits.

Nature reviews. Neurology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Design of Cecal Ligation and Puncture and Intranasal Infection Dual Model of Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression
07:30

Design of Cecal Ligation and Puncture and Intranasal Infection Dual Model of Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression

Published on: June 15, 2019

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy.

Teneille E Gofton1, G Bryan Young

  • 1Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, University Hospital, University of Western Ontario, 339 Windermere Road, London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada.

Nature Reviews. Neurology
|September 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is brain dysfunction from systemic infection, affecting critically ill patients. Understanding SAE

More Related Videos

Cecal Ligation Puncture Procedure
11:53

Cecal Ligation Puncture Procedure

Published on: May 7, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Design of Cecal Ligation and Puncture and Intranasal Infection Dual Model of Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression
07:30

Design of Cecal Ligation and Puncture and Intranasal Infection Dual Model of Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression

Published on: June 15, 2019

Cecal Ligation Puncture Procedure
11:53

Cecal Ligation Puncture Procedure

Published on: May 7, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is diffuse brain dysfunction secondary to systemic infection without direct CNS involvement.
  • It affects a significant portion of critically ill patients, ranging from mild delirium to deep coma.
  • SAE is associated with substantial neurological and psychological long-term morbidities in survivors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology and clinical presentation of SAE.
  • To outline recent evidence on SAE pathophysiology.
  • To present a diagnostic approach, prognosis, and management strategies for SAE.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on sepsis-associated encephalopathy.
  • Synthesis of current evidence regarding SAE pathophysiology.
  • Discussion of diagnostic criteria and therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

  • SAE presents with a spectrum of neurological deficits, with seizures and myoclonus being infrequent.
  • Pathophysiology likely involves multiple, patient-specific mechanisms.
  • Mortality in severe SAE is high (nearly 70%), primarily due to multiorgan failure.

Conclusions:

  • Further research into the pathophysiology, management, and prevention of SAE is crucial.
  • Effective diagnostic and management strategies are needed to improve outcomes for patients with SAE.
  • SAE poses a significant challenge in critical care, necessitating a comprehensive understanding and approach.