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Related Concept Videos

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...
Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles01:18

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles

There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Modeling Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus of Prematurity in Rats
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Modeling Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus of Prematurity in Rats

Published on: March 28, 2025

[Hydrocephalus in childhood : causes and imaging patterns].

A Pomschar1, I Koerte, A Peraud

  • 1Institut für Klinische Radiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Deutschland.

Der Radiologe
|September 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Hydrocephalus imaging in children requires age-specific analysis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is key for diagnosing causes and obstruction sites in pediatric hydrocephalus.

More Related Videos

State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
10:02

State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates

Published on: February 2, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Modeling Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus of Prematurity in Rats
04:12

Modeling Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus of Prematurity in Rats

Published on: March 28, 2025

State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
10:02

State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates

Published on: February 2, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Neuroradiology
  • Medical Imaging

Context:

  • Hydrocephalus diagnosis and classification evolve with patient age.
  • Traditional classifications include communicating and non-communicating types.
  • Modern approaches consider occlusion site and etiology for hydrocephalus diagnosis.

Purpose:

  • To evaluate the diagnostic utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in pediatric hydrocephalus.
  • To identify common causes and imaging patterns of hydrocephalus in children and adolescents.
  • To correlate imaging findings with patient age and clinical presentation.

Summary:

  • A retrospective study analyzed MRI scans of 785 children and adolescents (aged 0-17 years).
  • Eighty patients met hydrocephalus criteria, predominantly non-communicating (75/80).
  • Common causes included aqueductal stenosis, intracranial tumors, Chiari II malformations, and congenital anomalies.

Impact:

  • Highlights the importance of age-specific interpretation in pediatric hydrocephalus imaging.
  • Emphasizes MRI as the preferred modality for detailed etiological and topographical diagnosis.
  • Stresses the need to exclude tumors in MRI reports for pediatric hydrocephalus.