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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

209
Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
209
Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

280
Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...
280
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions01:01

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

208
Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...
208
Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

493
Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
493
Pericarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:19

Pericarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

633
Pericarditis is distinguished by inflammation of the pericardium, the fibrous sac that encases the heart. It can be acute, lasting less than six weeks, or chronic, persisting for over three months. Understanding its clinical manifestations and diagnostic findings is crucial for timely and effective management.Clinical ManifestationsWhile pericarditis can be asymptomatic, it usually presents with characteristic symptoms such as:Chest Pain: The most characteristic symptom of pericarditis is chest...
633
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

269
Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
269

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Basophil Activation Test for Investigation of IgE-Mediated Mechanisms in Drug Hypersensitivity
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Systemic cold-induced urticaria--clinical and laboratory characterization.

S Kivity1, Y Schwartz, R Wolf

  • 1Institute of Pulmonary & Allergic Diseases, Ichilov Hospital, Tel Aviv, Israel.

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|January 1, 1990
PubMed
Summary

Standard allergy tests fail to identify some cases of cold urticaria. Total-body cold exposure is necessary to diagnose this condition, which should be considered in cold-dependent allergic disorders.

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Area of Science:

  • Allergy and Immunology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Cold urticaria is a condition where cold exposure triggers hives.
  • Standard diagnostic tests include ice cube and water immersion tests.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate cases of cold urticaria unresponsive to standard diagnostic tests.
  • To identify alternative methods for diagnosing cold urticaria.

Main Methods:

  • Case series describing six patients with suspected cold urticaria.
  • Evaluation of patient responses to standard cold provocation tests (ice cube, water immersion).
  • Assessment of patient responses to total-body cold exposure.

Main Results:

  • Standard cold tests did not induce urticaria in any of the six patients.
  • Generalized urticaria was only induced by total-body cold exposure in all patients.
  • This suggests a subset of cold urticaria may be missed by conventional testing.

Conclusions:

  • Systemic cold urticaria can present without a positive response to standard ice or water tests.
  • Total-body cold exposure is a crucial diagnostic method for identifying all forms of cold urticaria.
  • Cold urticaria should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cold-dependent allergic conditions.